ECE 6332, Spring, 2017

Wireless Communications

 
                                                          

Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Class 23
April 17th, 2017
 OFDM Basic Idea
 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
 Divide a high bit- rate stream into several low bit- rate streams (
serial to parallel)
 Robust against frequency selective fading due to multipath
propagation
                                                            
 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
 Special form of Multi-Carrier Transmission.
 Multi-Carrier Modulation.
– Divide a high bit-rate digital stream into several low bit-rate
schemes and transmit in parallel (using Sub-Carriers)

 
N o rm a liz e d A m p lit u d e - -->

0.8
                                                          

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Normalized Frequency (fT) --->
 OFDM

                                                            
 Transmitted Symbol

                                                            
 Guard Time and Cyclic Extension...
 A Guard time is introduced at the end of each OFDM symbol for protection
against multipath.
 The Guard time is “cyclically extended” to avoid Inter-Carrier Interference
(ICI) - integer number of cycles in the symbol interval.
 Guard Time > Multipath Delay Spread, to guarantee zero ISI & ICI.

                                                             guard S ym bol guard

guard S ym bol guard

M ultipath com ponent that d o es no t cause IS I

guard S ym bol guard

M ultipath com ponent that causes ISI

 Mathematical description

                                                            
 Mathematical description

                                                            
 OFDM Timing Challenge

                                                            
 OFDM bit loading
 Map the rate with the sub-channel condition
 Water-filling

                                                            
 OFDM Time and Frequency Grid
 Put different users data to different time-frequency slots

                                                            
 OFDM Transmitter and Receiver

                                                            
 OFDM

                                                            
 Multiband OFDM

                                                            

- Simple to implement
- Captures 95% of the multipath channel energy in the Cyclic Prefix
- Complexity of OFDM system varies Logarithmically with FFT size i.e.
- N point FFT  (N/2) Log2 (N) complex multiplies for every OFDM
symbol
 Pro and Con
 Advantages
– Can easily be adopted to severe channel conditions without complex
equalization
– Robust to narrow-band co-channel interference
– Robust to inter-symbol interference and fading caused by multipath propagation
– High spectral efficiency
– Efficient implementation by FFTs
  – Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors
                                                          

– Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike in conventional

FDM)
– Facilitates Single Frequency Networks, i.e. transmitter macro-diversity.
 Disadvantages
– Sensitive to Doppler shift.
– Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems
– Inefficient transmitter power consumption, since linear power amplifier is
required.
 OFDM Applications
 ADSL and VDSL broadband access via telephone network copper wires.
 IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g Wireless LANs.
 The Digital audio broadcasting systems EUREKA 147, Digital Radio
Mondiale, HD Radio, T-DMB and ISDB-TSB.
 The terrestrial digital TV systems DVB-T, DVB-H, T-DMB and ISDB-T.

  The IEEE 802.16 or WiMax Wireless MAN standard.



 The IEEE 802.20 or Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) standard.

                                                          

 The Flash-OFDM cellular system.

 Some Ultra wideband (UWB) systems.
 Power line communication (PLC).
 Point-to-point (PtP) and point-to-multipoint (PtMP) wireless applications.
 Applications
 WiMax
 Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB)
 Wireless LAN

                                                            
 Applications
 High Definition TV (HDTV)
 4G Cellular Communication systems
 Flash -OFDM

                                                            
 Proprietary OFDM Flavours

Wireless Access (Macro-cellular)

Wideband-OFDM Flash OFDM Vector OFDM

(W-OFDM) of Wi-LAN from Flarion (V-OFDM) of Cisco, Iospan,etc.
www.wi-lan.com www.flarion.com www.iospan.com

  -- 2.4 GHz band

                                                          
-- Freq. Hopping for
CCI reduction, reuse -- MIMO Technology
-- 30-45Mbps in 40MHz -- 1.25 to 5.0MHz BW -- non-LoS coverage,
-- large tone-width -- mobility support mainly for fixed access
(for mobility, overlay) -- upto 20 Mbps in MMDS

Wi-LAN leads the OFDM Forum -- many proposals submitted to

IEEE 802.16 Wireless MAN
Cisco leads the Broadand Wireless Internet Forum (BWIF)
 OFDM based Standards

 Wireless LAN standards using OFDM are

– HiperLAN-2 in Europe
– IEEE 802.11a, .11g

 OFDM based Broadband Access Standards are getting

  defined for MAN and WAN applications
                                                          

 802.16 Working Group of IEEE

– 802.16 -- single carrier, 10-66GHz band
– 802.16a, b -- 2-11GHz, MAN standard

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 Key Parameters of 802.16a Wireless MAN

• Operates in 2-11 GHz

• SC-mode, OFDM, OFDMA, and Mesh support
• Bandwidth can be either 1.25/ 2.5/ 5/ 10/ 20 MHz
  • FFT size is 256 = (192 data carriers+ 8 pilots +56 Nulls)
                                                          

• RS+Convolutional coding
• Block Turbo coding (optional)
• Convolutional Turbo coding(optional)
• QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
• Two different preambles for UL and DL
 Calculations for 802.16a -- Example: 5MHz

Carrier frequency 2-11 GHz

Channel Bandwidth 5 MHz
Number of inputs to IFFT/FFT 256
Number of data subcarriers 192
Number of pilots 8
Subcarrier frequency spacing f 19.53125 KHz (5 MHz/256)

 
Period of IFFT/FFT Tb 51.2 s (1 / f)
Length of guard interval
                                                          
12.8 s (Tb / 4)
Length of the preamble for Downlink 128 s (640 sub-carriers)
Length of the preamble for Uplink 76.8s (384/5 MHz)
Guard interval for Uplink preamble 25.6 s (128/5 MHz)
OFDM symbol duration 64 s (320/5 MHZ)
 Broadband Access Standards -- contd.

 IEEE LAN and MAN standards

IEEE 802.16a,b
IEEE 802.16 (2 to 11 GHz)

 
(10 to 66 GHz)

                                                          

1-3 miles, non-LoS

2-5 miles, LoS(> 11GHz) IEEE 802.11a or

.11b, or .11g
 The IEEE 802.11a/g Standard
 Belongs to the IEEE 802.11 system of specifications for wireless LANs.
 802.11 covers both MAC and PHY layers.
 802.11a/g belongs to the High Speed WLAN category with peak data rate of 54Mbps
 FFT 64, Carrier 2.4G or 5G. Total bandwidth 20 MHz x 10 =200MHz

                                                            
 The IEEE 802.11 Standard

                                                            
 Evolution of Radio Access Technologies
In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define the long-term
evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS) cellular technology
802.16m

802.16d/e

                                                            

 LTE (3.9G) :
3GPP release 8~9
 LTE-Advanced :
3GPP release 10+
 LTE vs. LTE-Advanced

                                                            

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 DS-CDMA versus OFDM
DS-CDMA can
0 exploit
Impulse time-diversity
Response h(t) 3
time

  Input
                                                          

(Tx signal)
channel
Output
(Rx signal)
Frequency OFDM can exploit
Response H(f) freq. diversity
freq.
 Comparing Complexity of TDMA, DS-
CDMA, & OFDM Transceivers

TDMA CDMA OFDM

Easy, but requires Difficult, and requires Very elegant, requiring
Timing Sync. overhead (sync.) bits sync. channel (code) no extra overhead

Easy, but requires Gross Sync. Easy

Freq. Sync. overhead (sync.) bits
More difficult than TDMA
Fine Sync. is Difficult

Complexity is high in Usually not required

 
Timing Tracking Modest Complexity
Asynchronous W-CDMA within a burst/packet

                                                          
Freq. Tracking Easy, decision-directed
techniques can be used
Modest Complexity
(using dedicated correlator)
Requires CPE Tones
(additional overhead)

Channel Modest to High Complexity RAKE Combining in CDMA Frequency Domain

Equalisation (depending on bit-rate and usually more complex than Equalisation is very easy
extent of delay-spread) equalisation in TDMA

Complexity or cost is
Analog Front-end Very simple Fairly Complex
very high (PA back-off
(especially for CPM signals) (power control loop)
(AGC, PA, VCO, etc) is necessary)
 Comparing Performance of TDMA, DS-
CDMA, & OFDM Transceivers
TDMA CDMA OFDM
Fade Margin Required for mobile
Modest requirement
Required for mobile
(RAKE gain vs power-
(for mobile apps.) applications control problems) applications

Very easy to increase Range increase by reducing Difficult to support large

Range cell sizes allowed noise rise (capacity) cells (PA , AGC limitations)
Modest (in TDMA) and Re-use planning is
Re-use & Capacity Modest

 
High in MC-TDMA crucial here

FEC Requirements
                                                          
FEC optional for voice
FEC is usually inherent (to
increase code decorrelation)
FEC is vital even for
fixed wireless access

Variable Bit-rate Very elegant methods

Powerful methods
Low to modest support to support VBR
Support to support VBR & VAD
(for fixed access)

Very High
Spectral Efficiency Modest Poor to Low
(& Higher Peak Bit-rates)
 LTE vs. LTE-Advanced

                                                            

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 LTE vs. LTE-Advanced

                                                            

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