Precipitation Hardening

Also called age hardening

Is a heat treatment technique to increase yield strength of malleable
materials
Alloy
• Mixture or solid solution composed of metal and another element
Alloy Elements
• Usually considered to be metallic elements
Aluminum
• Efficient deoxidizer
• Alloy in nitriding steel
• Promote fine grain
Boron
• In very small amounts is an economical hardenability agent in low or
medium deoxidizer steel
Chromium
• Improves hardenability economically hardenability economically
• Resistance to corrosion
Cobalt
• Improve red hardness
Anisotropy
• Characteristic of exhibiting different properties when tested different
direction
Brittleness
• Tendency of material to fracture or fail upon application of impact,
force, or shock
Cold Shortness
• Brittleness when materials at low temperature
Damping Capacity
• Ability of the material to absorb or damp vibrations
Columbium
• Used to stabilize stainless steel
Copper
• Improve steel’s resistance to atmospheric corrosion
• Improve tensile strength and yield ratio
Lead
• Improve machinability
• But affect different alloys differently
Manganese
• Improve strength a d increase hardenability moderately
• Counteracts brittleness from sulfur
Molybdenium
• Increase hardenability markedly and economically
• Tends to counteract temper brittleness
• Improving creep strength and red hardness
Nickel
• Strength unquenched and annealed steels, toughness steel, and
simplifies heat treatment by lessening distortion
Phosphorus
• Increase hardenability, strengthen low carbon steel, improve
machinability of free cutting feels
Selenium
• Improves machinability of stainless steel
Silicon
• Strengthens low alloy steel and improves resistance to high
temperature oxidation
Titanium
• Use for deoxidation and for stabilizing authentic stainless steel
Tungsten
• Increase hardenability markedly in small amounts and improve
hardness and strength at high temperature
Vanadium
• promotes fine grain structure, improves the ratio of endurance
strength to ultimate strength of medium carbon steels
Cold Working
• is the process of deforming a metal plastically at a temperature below
the recrystalization temperature and at a rate to produce strain
hardening
Decarburization
• is a loss of carbon from the surface of steel, occurring during hot
rolling, forging, and heat treating
Ductility
• is that property that permits permanent deformation before fraction
in tension
Ductile Material
• elongation greater than 5% in 2-in gage.
Brittle Material
• elongation less than 5% in 2-in gage.
Elasticity
is the ability of the material to be deformed and to return to the
original state.
Embrittlement
involves the loss of ductility because of a physical or chemical change
of the material.
Free Carbon
is that part of the carbon content of steel or iron that is in the form of
graphite or temper carbon.
Hard Drawn
is a temper produced in a wire, rod, or tube by cold drawing.
Homogenous Material
have the same structure at all points.
Isotropic
materials that have the same properties at all directions.
Killed steel
is the steel that has been deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent
Machinability
is somewhat indefinite property that refers to the relative ease with
which a material can be cut.
Malleability
is a material’s susceptibility to extreme deformation in rolling or
hammering
Mechanical Properties
are those that have to do with stress and strain.
Percentage Elongation
is the extension in the vicinity of the fracture of a tensile specimen
Percentage of reduction area
is the smallest area at the point of rupture of a tensile specimen
divided by the original area.
Physical properties
exclude mechanical properties, and are other physical properties such
as density, conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion.
Placticity
is the ability of a metal to be deformed considerably without rupture. In
a plastic deformation, the material does not return to its original shape
Poisson’s Ratio
is the ratio of the lateral strain (contraction) to the longitudinal strain
(extension) when the element is loaded with a longitudinal tensile
force.
Precipitation Heat treatment
brings about the precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated
solid solution by holding the body at an elevated temperature, also
called artificial aging.
Proof stress
is that stress which causes a specified permanent deformation of
material, usually 0.01% or less.
•
Red Shortness
is the brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
Relaxation
associated with creep, is the decreasing stress at a constant strain;
important for metals in high-temperature service.
Residual Stress
are those not due to applied loads or temperature gradients
Rimmed steel
is incompletely deoxidized steel
Solution Heat treatment
is the process of holding an alloy at a suitably high temperature long
enough to permit one or more constituents to pass into solid solution
Stiffness
is the ability to resist deformation. It measured by the modulus of
elasticity in the elastic range
Strain Hardening
is increasing the hardness and strength by plastic deformation at
temperatures lower than recrystallization range
Temper
is a condition produced in a non-ferrous metal by mechanical or
thermal treatment
Toughness
is the capacity of the material to withstand a shock load without
breaking.
Transverse Strength
refers to the results of a transverse bend test, the specimen being
mounted as a simple beam
Work Hardening
is the same as strain hardening
Wrought Steel
is steel that has been hammered, rolled, or drawn in the process of
manufacture
Heat Treatment
is an operation or combination of operations involving the heating and
cooling of metal or an alloy in the solid state
Aging
is a change in a metal by which its structure recovers from an unstable
or metastable condition that has been produced by quenching or cold
working.
Annealing
is a heating and slow cooling of a solid metal, usually done to soften it
Drawing
is often used to mean tempering
Graphitizing
causes the combined carbon to transform wholly or in part into
graphitic or free carbon; it is applied to cast iron, sometimes to high-
carbon steel.
Hardening
is the heating of certain steels above the transformation range and
then quenching, for the purpose of increasing the hardness.
Malleabilizing
is an annealing process whereby combined carbon in white cast iron is
transformed wholly or in part to temper carbon
Spheroidizing
is any heating and cooling of steel that produces a rounded or globular
form of carbide.
Stress Relieving
is the heating of a metal body to a suitable temperature and holding it
at that temperature for suitable time
Tempering
is a reheating of hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below
the transformation range, followed by any desired rate of cooling.
Transformation range
for ferrous metals is the temperature interval during which austenite is
formed during heating
Hardness
is a measure of its resistance to indentation and is one of the most
significant properties because ,properly interpreted
Brinell Hardness
is determined by a standard pressure applied to a 10 mm ball
Rockwell Tester
Faster than Brinell ang widely used commercially
Rockwell Superficial tester
a different machine, is used for a piece of material too thin for the
standard tester.
Vickers Tester
• has a square base, diamond pyramid indenter and the vickers number
is the load in kilograms divided by the impressed area in square
millimeters.
Shore Scleroscope
numbers is obtained by letting a freely falling hammer with a diamond
point strike the object to be tested and measuring the height of
rebound.
AISI
American Iron and Steel Institute
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
SAE
Society of Automotive Engineers
ASTM
American Society for Testing Materials
XXXX
• first digit or the first two digit represents a type of steel.
• the last two digits invariably gives the approximate or average carbon
content in points or hundred of percent.
1XXX
is a plain carbon steel
11XX
is a plain carbon steel with a greater sulfur content for free cutting
2XXX
Nickel steel
Alloy Steel
Wrought alloy steel is steel that contains significant quantities of
recognized alloying metals
Hardenability
is the capacity of steel to through-harden when cooled from above its
transformation range
Case Hardening
of iron base alloys is a process of surface hardening whereby the
surface or case is substantially harder than the core or inside metal
Carburizing
it to hot carbonaceous solids, liquids, or tempering
Gas Carburizing
which has been developed to an efficient and economic procedure
Liquid Carburizing
the part is immersed in a molten salt bath that imparts a case similar
to that obtained with gas or pack carburizing
Cyaniding
As in liquid carburizing, cyaniding is accomplished by immersing the
part in a hot liquid salt bath
Nitriding
In surface hardening by nitriding, the machine and heat-treated part is
placed in a nitrogenous environment
Carbonitriding
is a process of case hardening steel by the simultaneous absorption of
carbon and nitrogen from a surrounding hot gaseous atmosphere
Induction Hardening
consist of heating a thin surface layer, preferably of annealed or
normalized steel, the transformation range by electrical induction and
then cooling, as required, in water, oil, air, or gas.
Flame Hardening
like induction heating, is a process of heating the surface of an iron-
base alloy, which is preferably annealed or normalized, and then
quenching it.
Work Hardening
Is the result of a metal being stressed at some point into its plastic
range
Wrought Iron
made by burning the carbon from molten iron and then putting the
product through hammering and rolling operations
Cast Iron
general sense includes white cast iron, malleable iron, and nodular cast
iron
Malleable Iron
is heat-treated white cast iron. This is obtained not by chilling but by
using the proper composition in the melt
Nodular Cast iron
also called ductile iron, has the castability, machinability and
wearability of gray iron but higher ductility and strength
Cast Steel
The combination of highest strength and highest ductility in a cast
ferrous metal is obtained in cast steel.
Stainless Steel
relatively expensive, but where the environment is significantly
corrosive or at high or quite low temperature
Martensitic steel
that do not harden by quenching and tempering. All classes contain
chromium
Tolerance
Amount of variation
Allowance
the intension difference between the dimension of the two mating
part.
Limit
Maximum and minimum size
Max. Limit size
Greater of the two limit of size
Min.Limit size
Smaller of the two limit of size
Basic Size
Size referred to in order to fix the limits of size by the application
of the allowance and tolerance. The basic size is the same for
each mating part.
Shaft
the term used by convention to designate external features of a
part including part which are not cylindrical.
Hole
the term used by convention to designate all internal features
of a part including part which are not cylindrical.
Deviation
the algebraic difference between the size and the
corresponding basic size
Actual Deviation
the algebraic difference between the actual size and the
corresponding basic size.
Upper Deviation
the algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size. ES for hole es for shaft.
Lower Deviation
the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and
the corresponding basic size. EI for hole ei for shaft.
FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION
the one of the two deviations being the one nearest to the zero
line which is conventionally chosen to define the position of
the tolerance zone in relation to zero line.
ZERO LINE
the straight line to which the deviations are referred. The zero
line is the line of zero deviation and represents the basic size
GRADE OF TOLERANCE
is an indication of the degree of accuracy of manufacture and is
designated by the letter IT followed by the number.
STANDARD TOLERANCE UNIT
it is the unit used to calculate the various grade of tolerance for
a given basic size. It is designated by letter I.
MINIMUM CLEARANCE
In clearance fit, the difference between the minimum size of
the hole and the maximum size of the shaft.
MAXIMUM CLEARANCE
In a clearance or a transition fit the difference between the
maximum size of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft.
MINIMUM INTERFERENCE
In an interference fit the difference between the maximum size
of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft.
MAXIMUM INTERFERENCE
in an interference and transition fit the difference the
minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft
before assembly
FITS
The relationship resulting from the difference, before
assembly , between the sizes of the two parts which are to be
assemble
CLEARANCE FIT
where it is necessary to have a movement between parts, the
hole will need to be larger than the male component.
INTERFERENCE FIT
where parts are required to fit together. This fit in which the
shaft is always larger than female component.
TRANSITION FIT
the tolerance zones for the hole and the shaft overlap so that a
small clearance or small interference may result on assembly
depending upon the actual size of the hole and shaft.
basic dimension
is the dimension, as worked out by purely design
considerations
Shear load of the beam
The derivative of the moment equation
depth
For a W14x43 wide flange structural steel designation, 14
represent
Endurance limit
This is the max. stress that a member, subjected to a completely
reverse load, can withstand for an indefinite number of load
application without failure
Residual stress
Stress that is independent of external load
Spindle
It is short shaft or axle
Axle
A stationary member carrying rotating wheels and pulley
Square Key
A type of key that is equally strong in shear and compression
Axial relative motion between shaft and
hub is necessary
Splines are used when
key
In a flange coupling, the weakest element should be
Used for collinear shaft
A flange coupling is
15
For a single universal joint, the shaft angle should be