DAR S SALAAM MARITIME INSTITUTE

(DMI)
GROUP 5

MARINE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

COURSE : BOGE 1
MODULE NAME : FUNDAMENTALS OF
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING MODULE
CODE : OGU 07213
LECTURE NAME : Eng. P. NSULANGI
 MEMBERS : REG. NO
1. HYERA, BENUARD DEO BOGE/22/089
2. KILAKA, BADRU NASSIB BOGE/22/090
3. KAGERE, RICARDO JOHN BOGE/22/091
4. SUMARI, WISLEY G BOGE/22/092
5. MICHAEL, KELVIN BAHATI BOGE/22/093
6. ATHANAS, AVELINA KASUBI BOGE/22/094
7. OGUDA, THOMAS JOHN BOGE/22/095
8. MASANJA, FEDNAND Z BOGE/22/096
9. FOYANI, PENDO L BOGE/22/097
10. MAKURI, PERIS MWITA BOGE/22/098
11. FANUEL, OMAE BOGE/22/099
12. MUSA, JOVITA BOGE/22/100
13. CHACHA, MICHAEL JOHN BOGE/22/101
14. MWINYI, ILHAM MOHAMMED BOGE/22/102
15. JUMA, ALHAJI MASSOUD BOGE/22/104
16. MGASA, VERONICA SHATIBA BOGE/22/105
17. RICHARD, CESILIA N BOGE/22/106
18. KIWEZA, OSCAR E BOGE/22/108
19. KOMBO, YUNUS H BOGE/22/109
20. MKANGI, SABRI O BOGE/22/107
Qn. 5) Describe the following rock properties:
a. Permeability,
b. Relative permeability,
Calculate and describe aforementioned parameters in
series and parallel connection
 Permeability
• Defined as the ability of the rock to allow fluids to flow
through its interconnected pore spaces.
• It can also be defined as the measure of fluid conductivity
• It is the most important character of RR affected by
similar factors as Porosity that is grain size, degree of
sorting, degree of packing, angularity, cementation and
clay type present
• The permeability of a rock is a measure of the ease
with which fluids can flow through a rock. This
depends on how well the pore spaces within that rock
are interconnected.
 Permeability

Good Permeability Poor Permeability

For groundwater to be able to get into a rock with
good porosity it must also have good permeability. For
a rock to be permeable and for water to move through
it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must
be connected.
 Permeability
• Permeability is a measure of the ability of a
porous material to transmit fluid under a potential
gradient.
• The unit for permeability (k) is darcy named after
a French scientist, Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy
who investigated flow of water through filter beds
in 1856.
• 1 Darcy = 0.987 x 10-12m2
 Permeability
• The general Darcy’s equation is:

Where Q = flow rate (cm3/sec)

K = permeability (darcy)
A = cross section area(cm2)
μ = fluid viscosity (cp)
P = pressure (atm)
L = length (cm)
 Permeability
• Darcy equation

• 1 Darcy is defined as the permeability that will permit

a fluid of 1 centipoise viscosity to flow at a rate of 1
cubic centimeter per second through a cross sectional
area of 1 square centimeter when the pressure
gradient is 1 atmosphere per centimeter.
EXAMPLE:
 Darcy equation
• There are four conditions that are required for this
equation to be valid:
 Laminar flow.
No accumulation.
Single-phase liquid flow.
The porous media is not reactive with the flowing fluid.
 Darcy equation
• Plot of Q/A against dP/dL should yield a single
straight line as shown below where the
slope = k/μ = fluid mobility
There are three types of permeability.
i. Absolute permeability:
The measurement of permeability, or ability to flow or
transmit fluids through a rock, its conducted when a
single fluid, or phase is present in the rock. e.g gas at
100% saturation.
ii. Effective permeability:
The ability of a rock to conduct one fluid. e.g gas in
the presence of other fluids like oil or water.
iii. Relative permeability:
Is the ratio of the effective permeability of the phase
to the absolute permeability.
Permeability in series connection
It should be noted that for series flow, each of these
layers or blocks has a different differential pressure
and the summation of these is equal to the total or
overall differential pressure of the entire flow system.
Additionally, the total flow rate is also equal to the
individual flow rates
.
Hence, Permeability in series connection is
Permeability in Parallel connection
consider the rules.
1. Pressure drop is the same across each flow unit for
flow units.
2. The sum of the flow rates across individual flow
units is equal to the total flow rate across all flow
units.
 Permeability Measurement
• Permeability of core sample can be measured by liquid
permeameter and gas permeameter.
 Liquid permeameter:
• Non reactive liquid (paraffin oil) is forced to flow through a
core sample in a core holder.
• A flow rate is measured, and permeability is calculated using
general Darcy equation.
Gas permeameter:
• Non reactive gas (typically helium) is used in the
measurement of permeability.
• The gas is flow through the sample, and the flow rate of gas
is measured.
 Cont.
• The permeability is calculated using following modified
form of Darcy equation which takes into account the gas
compressibility during flow.

Where:
Q = gas flow rate (cm3/sec)
kg = gas permeability (darcy)
A = cross section area (cm2)
μ = fluid viscosity (cp)
P1 = inlet pressure (atm)
P2 = outlet pressure (atm)
Pa = atmospheric pressure (atm)
L = length (cm)
 Cont.
• Permeability of most reservoirs range between 5 and
1000 millidarcy but production have been achieved
in reservoirs with low permeability range such as 0.1
mD.
• Reservoir quality can expressed in the following
table
• Permeability Reservoir Quality
• 0 – 10mD Poor
• 1-10mD Fairy
• 10-100mD Good
• 100-1000 mD Very good
Relative permeability:
Relative permeability measurements are made
routinely on core samples, to define the relative
amounts of fluids that will flow through the rocks
when more than one fluid phase is flowing.
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY:
Relative permeability can either be reported as
percentage or fraction (more common) and are usually
expressed by the ratio of effective permeability to
absolute permeability, Thus, relative
permeability are the result of normalizing effective
permeability values by absolute permeability:
References:
i. Fundamentals Of Petroleum Engineering, ROCK
AND FLUID PROPERTIES by Mohd Fauzi Hamid
and Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman
ii. Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties,
second edition 2013 by Abhijit Y. Dandekar
iii. Petrophysics MSc Course Notes, Permeability By
Dr. Paul Glover
iv. Reservoir Engineering Handbook, FOURTH
EDITION 2010, By TAREK AHMED