Matrix

Matrix

 a rectangular array of real numbers arranged

in m rows and n columns.
 the size of a matrix is determined by the
number of rows and columns.
 “m x n” is the dimension or order of the
matrix.
Matrix
Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix
 A matrix having only one row is called a row
matrix. Thus 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 is a row matrix if 𝑚 = 1.
So, a row matrix can be represented as 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]1×𝑛.
 For example, 𝐴 = [1 2 3 4] is row matrix of
order 1 × 4. Another example of the row matrix
is 𝑃 =[−4 −21 −17] which is of the order 1×3.
Types of Matrices
2. Column Matrix
 A matrix having only one column is called a
column matrix. Thus, 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 is a column
matrix if 𝑛 = 1. Its order is 𝑚 × 1.
Types of Matrices
3. Zero or Null Matrix
 If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it
is called a zero matrix and it is generally
denoted by 0. Thus, 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 is a zero-
matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 and 𝑗.
Types of Matrices
4. Singleton Matrix
 If in a matrix there is only element then it is called
singleton matrix. Thus, 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 is a singleton
matrix if 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 1, e.g., [2], [3], [𝑎], [] are
singleton matrices.

5. Horizontal Matrix
 A matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 is a horizontal matrix
if 𝑛>𝑚, e.g.,
Types of Matrices
6. Vertical Matrix
 A matrix of order 𝑚×𝑛 is a vertical matrix if 𝑚>𝑛,
e.g.,
Types of Matrices
7. Square Matrix
 If the number of rows and the number of columns
in a matrix are equal, then it is called a square
matrix. Thus, 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 is a square matrix if 𝑚=𝑛
Types of Matrices
8. Diagonal Matrix
 If all the elements, except the principal diagonal,
in a square matrix, are zero, it is called a diagonal
matrix. Thus, a square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 is a
diagonal matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, when 𝑖 ≠𝑗
Types of Matrices
9. Scalar Matrix
 If all the elements in the diagonal of a diagonal
matrix are equal, it is called a scalar matrix.
Types of Matrices
10. Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix
 If all the elements of a principal diagonal in a
diagonal matrix are 1, then it is called a unit
matrix.
Types of Matrices
11. Equal Matrices
 Two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be equal if they
are of the same order and their corresponding
elements are equal.

12. Triangular Matrix

 A square matrix is said to be a triangular matrix if
the elements above or below the principal
diagonal are zero. There are two types:
Types of Matrices
Upper Triangular Matrix
 A square matrix [𝑎𝑖𝑗] is called an upper triangular matrix
if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, when 𝑖 > 𝑗.

Lower Triangular Matrix

 A square matrix is called a lower triangular matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗
= 0 when 𝑖 < 𝑗.
Types of Matrices
13. Singular and Non-Singular Matrix
 A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be singular if its
determinant |𝐴| is zero.
 The matrix is non-singular, i.e., matrix 𝐴 is
singular if 𝑑𝑒𝑡 (𝐴)= 0 and it is non-singular if 𝑑𝑒𝑡
(𝐴 )≠ 0
Types of Matrices
14. Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices
 Symmetric matrix: A square matrix 𝐴= [𝑎𝑖𝑗] is a
symmetric matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖, for all 𝑖, 𝑗 values.
Types of Matrices
14. Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices
 Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]
is a skew-symmetric matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖, for all
values of 𝑖, 𝑗 except when 𝑗 = 𝑖, which implies 𝑎𝑖𝑖 =
0.
Types of Matrices
15. Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Matrices
 A square matrix 𝐴= [𝑎𝑖𝑗] is said to be a Hermitian
matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎̅𝑗𝑖 ∀ 𝑖, 𝑗
Types of Matrices
15. Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Matrices
 If 𝐴 is a skew-Hermitian matrix, then 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = −𝑎̅𝑖𝑖
implies 𝑎𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎̅𝑖𝑖 = 0, i.e., 𝑎𝑖𝑖 must be purely
imaginary or zero
Addition/Subtraction of
Matrices
 Addition/Subtraction is performed by adding corresponding
entries (or components); here, matrices must both be n x n.
Thus for n = 2:
Addition/Subtraction of
Matrices
   

A= B=

Find:

• A+B
• B–A
Scalar Multiplication

 Scalar multiplication (multiplication by a

constant) is performed by multiplying each entry
(or component) by the constant.
Matrix Multiplication

 The product (in this order) of two n x n

matrices A = [ajk] and B = [bjk] is the n x n
matrix C = [cjk].

 Multiply each entry in the jth row of A by

the corresponding entry in the kth column of
B and then add these n products. One says
briefly that this is a “multiplication of rows
into columns.”
Matrix Multiplication

C
Matrix Multiplication

 
 
A= B=

 
AB =

 
AB =
Matrix Multiplication

 Find AB

   

A= B=
Division of Matrix

 Divisionof matrices is done by multiplying the

numerator by the inverse matrix of the denominator.
 Let A and B be matrices

where B-1 is called inverse matrix of matrix B.

Transpose Matrix

 Transposition is the operation of writing columns

as rows and conversely and is indicated by T.
Thus the transpose AT of the 2 x 2 matrix.
Transpose Matrix

 Transpose the matrix

A=
Determinant

Properties of Determinants:

1. If the rows of one determinant are the same

as the columns of another, and in the same
order, the two determinants are equal.

2. If two columns (or rows) are interchanged,

the value of the resulting determinant is equal
to the negative of the value of the given
determinant.
Determinant

Properties of Determinants:

3. If two columns (or rows) of a determinant

are identical, the value of the determinant is
zero.

4. If the elements of a column (or row) of a

determinant are multiplied by k(constant),
the value of the determinant is multiplied by
k.
Determinant

Properties of Determinants:

5. If the elemenths of the jth column of a determinant D

are the sum ay + by, then D is the sum of the
determinants D' and D” in which all the columns of D,
D' and D” are the same except the jth; furthermore, the
jth column of D' is ay, i = 1,2,3,...,n, and the jth column
of D” is by, i = 1,2,3,...,n. Similarly for rows.

6. The value of the determinant is not changed if a column

is replaced by the column plus a multiple of another
column. SImilarly for rows.
Determinant

Evaluate the determinant of this 2 x 2 matrix:

 
A=

det A = (1)(2) - (4)(6)

det A = -22
Determinant
Evaluate the determinant of this 3 x 3 matrix:

A=

det A = [(1)(2)(3) + (6)(7)(0) + (0)(4)(5)] -

[(0)(2)(0) + (5)(7)(1) + (3)(4)(6)]
det A = 6 - 107
det A = -101
Determinant

Given the equations:

x+y+z=2
3x - y - 2z = 4
5x - 2y + 3z = -7

Solve for y by determinants.

Determinant

Solve the equations by Cramer's rule:

2x - y + 3z = -3
3x + 3y - z = 10
-x - y + z = -4
Determinant
 Evaluate the determinant of this 4x4 matrix

   

A=
       
Cofactor of an Entry of a Matrix

Sign Conventions:

   
Cofactor of an Entry of a Matrix

Find the cofactor of 6 in the following matrix.

 
 
A= A=+

det A = (1)(1) - (2)(2) = -3

cofactor of 6 = -3
Cofactor

A cofactor matrix is formed by replacing each element

in the given matrix by its cofactor.

Find the cofactor matrix of A.

   
A= cof A =
Cofactor

Find the cofactor matrix of A.

A=

cof A =
Adjoint of a Matrix

 The matrix formed by taking the transpose of the

cofactor matrix of a given original matrix. The
adjoint of matrix A is often written adj A.

Find adj A.
 

A=
Inverse Matrix

Steps required to find for the Inverse Matrix:

1. Form the cofactor matrix.

2. Form the transpose matrix of the cofactor
matrix.
3. Evaluate the determinant of the matrix.
4. Divide each element in the transpose
matrix.
Inverse Matrix
Find the inverse matrix of A.

A=