THE OSI MODEL 2

What are protocols?

What are standards?
How does encapsulation/decapsulation work?
Protocols/standards for the OSI Layers

Fundamentals of Networking – NET 101 pjvr – 2nd Semester 2020-2021 1

What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Data Type
7 Application Data

User Support
6 Presentation Data

5 Session Data

4 Transport Segments

3 Network Packets
Network Support

2 Link Frames

1 Physical Bits

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Protocols and Standards

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Protocols

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Protocols

RP1: WHAT ARE PROTOCOLS?

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Protocols

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Protocols
 GENERAL DEFINITION: A protocol is a system of rules governing
the affairs of a country, a state, an organization, an entity, etc.
 IT/COMPUTING DEFINITION: A protocol is a standard set of rules
on how electronic devices communicate with each other.

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Protocols
PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU)
 It is a single unit of information which is transmitted among peer
entities in a network.
 A simpler explanation:
 It consists of:
 protocol-specific control information
 user data

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Protocols

RP2: ARE PDUs THE SAME FOR EACH LAYER IN THE OSI
MODEL?

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Protocols
PROTOCOL DATA UNIT (PDU)
 It is a single unit of information which is transmitted among peer
entities in a network.
 A simpler explanation:
 It consists of:
 protocol-specific control information
 user data

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Standards
 Standards are made to ensure that the hardware and software produced
by different vendors can work together; this means that customers are
not dependent on one vendor alone.
 A formal standard is defined by one of the standard organizations or official
industries (ISO, IEEE, ITU-T). There are different standards for applications,
for protocols, and for physical hardware. These standards takes years to
develop.
 A de factor standard is supported by several vendors, but standard
organizations have no official say, or standing about those. These become
formal standards after they are widely accepted.

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Standards
 Standards are made to ensure that the hardware and software produced
by different vendors can work together; this means that customers are
not dependent on one vendor alone.
 A formal standard is defined by one of the standard organizations or official
industries (ISO, IEEE, ITU-T). There are different standards for applications,
for protocols, and for physical hardware. These standards takes years to
develop.
 A de factor standard is supported by several vendors, but standard
organizations have no official say, or standing about those. These become
formal standards after they are widely accepted.
 RP3: What are some famous de facto standards in the computer
industry?

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Data Transfer Concepts 2
Encapsulation
Decapsulation

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Data Transfer Concepts 2
 RP4: What is encapsulation/decapsulation?

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Data Transfer Concepts
ENCAPSULATION
 Encapsulation is the act of adding control information from layer N to
layer N-1 on the sending device.

DECAPSULATION
 Encapsulation is the act of removing control information from layer N
to layer N+1 on the receiving device.

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Data Transfer Concepts
ENCAPSULATION
 Encapsulation is the act of adding control information from layer N to
layer N-1 on the sending device.

DECAPSULATION
 Encapsulation is the act of removing control information from layer N
to layer N+1 on the receiving device.

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Data Transfer Concepts
Layer # Layer

Application 7 Application
SENDING RECEIVING
DEVICE SENDING SIDE Presentation 6 Presentation DEVICE

RECEIVING
Session 5 Session

Transport 4 Transport

SIDE
Network 3 Network

Link 2 Link

Physical 1 Physical

TRANSMISSION
MEDIUM
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Encapsulation
Layer # Encapsulation … from layer N to layer
Application 7 N-1 on the sending device.
SENDING
DEVICE SENDING SIDE Presentation 6
** sending side starts on the seventh
Session 5 layer
Transport 4

Network 3

Link 2

Physical 1

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Encapsulation
Layer # Encapsulation is the act of adding
Application 7 control information …
SENDING
DEVICE SENDING SIDE Presentation 6

Session 5

Transport 4

Network 3

Link 2

Physical 1

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Encapsulation
Layer # Encapsulation
Application 7 H Data Data

Presentation 6 H Data
SENDING SIDE

Session 5 H Data
Segments/
Transport 4 H Datagram

Network 3 H Packets

Link 2 H Frames

Physical 1 H Bits

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Data Transfer Concepts
Layer # Layer

Application 7 Application
SENDING RECEIVING
DEVICE SENDING SIDE Presentation 6 Presentation DEVICE

RECEIVING
Session 5 Session

Transport 4 Transport

SIDE
Network 3 Network

Link 2 Link

Physical 1 Physical

TRANSMISSION
MEDIUM
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Decapsulation
Decapsulation … from layer N to layer # Layer

N+1 on the sending device. 7 Application

RECEIVING
6 Presentation DEVICE

RECEIVING
5 Session

4 Transport

SIDE
3 Network

2 Link

1 Physical

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Decapsulation
Decapsulation is the act of removing # Layer

control information … 7 Application

RECEIVING
6 Presentation DEVICE

RECEIVING
5 Session

4 Transport

SIDE
3 Network

2 Link

1 Physical

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Decapsulation
# Layer Encapsulation
7 Application H Data Data

6 Presentation H Data

RECEIVING
5 Session H Data
Segments/
4 Transport H

SIDE
Datagram

3 Network H Packets

2 Link H Frames

1 Physical H Bits

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Encapsulation, Decapsulation, and PDUs
Layer Layer

Application ** L7 Header User Data Application

SENDING SIDE

Presentation ** L7 + L6 User Data Presentation

Header

RECEIVING
Session ** L7 + L6 + L5 User Data Session
Header
Segment Transport
Transport User Data

SIDE
Header
Packet Segment
Network Header Header
User Data Network
Frame Packet Segment
Link Header Header Header
User Data Frame Footer Link

Physical Bits Physical

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Protocol Data Units
7 Application Data

User Support
6 Presentation Data

5 Session Data

4 Transport Segments/Datagram

3 Network Packets
Network Support

2 Link Frames

1 Physical Bits

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Standards and Protocols for OSI
Layers
Physical Layer
Link Layer

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Physical Layer
# Layer Physical Layer
7 Application - Deals with the physical characteristics of the
User Support

6 Presentation
transmission medium; transmits bits from one
computer to another
5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network
Network Support

2 Link

1 Physical

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Physical Layer
 Important things already discussed:
 Network topologies
 Transmission medium

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Physical Layer – Standards and Protocols
USB
 It is an industry standard which specifies cables, connectors, power
supplies, and peripherals for connecting computers.
 The USB standard is released in 1996, and is maintained by the USB
Implementers Forum (USB-IF).
 RPX: How many generations of USB specifications are there?

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Physical Layer – Standards and Protocols
USB

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Physical Layer – Standards and Protocols
Ethernet
 IEEE 802.3
 It is the most commonly used networking standard; currently, it
supports speeds of 10Mbps to 10Gbps. (Originally supports
2.94Mbps; currently, 400Gbps)

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Physical Layer – Standards and Protocols
Wi-Fi
 IEEE 802.11
 It is the most commonly used networking standard; currently, it
supports speeds of 10Mbps to 10Gbps. (Originally supports
2.94Mbps; currently, 400Gbps)
 Both Ethernet and Wi-Fi comes from the IEEE 802 protocol family;
they interwork seamlessly. Ethernet is the wired sibling/counterpart of
Wi-Fi

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Link Layer
# Layer Link Layer
7 Application - Packages raw bits from the Physical Layer into
User Support

6 Presentation
frames; provides reliable transmission of bits
through flow control, and error control and
5 Session detection.
4 Transport - The Data Link Layer ensures that a
transmission occurs without any errors. The
3 Network
Data Link Layer consists of two sub-layers,
Network Support

2 Link Logical Link Control (LLC) and the Media

1 Physical
Access Control (MAC), that ensure a
successful transmission across different
mediums.

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Link Layer – Standards and Protocols
Link-Layer Control
 IEEE standards of protocol
 The IEEE (institute of Electrical and Electronic engineers) is the largest
professional organization in the world. The 802 subcommittee of that
organization has developed a series of standards govern lower layer protocols
and interactions with transmission media. Recognized and reissued by the
ISO, they are also known as the ISO 802 standards.

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Link Layer – Standards and Protocols
Link-Layer Control
 IEEE 802
IEEE802.1 802.1 standards defines internetworking
Defines an LLC sub layer that is used by other lower-layer protocols.
Because these lower layer protocols can use a single LLC protocol
lEEE 802.2
layer, Network layer protocols can be designed independently of both
the network's physical layer and MAC sub layer implementation.
Defines a network derived from the Ethernet network originally
developed by Digital, Intel, and Xerox, this standard defines
IEEE 802.3
characteristics related to the MAC sub layer of the data link layer and the
OSI physical layer.
Describes a network with a bus physical topology that controls media
access with a token mechanism. This standards was designed to meet
IEEE 802.4
the needs of industrial automation system but has gained little
popularity. Both baseband and broadband configurations are available.

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Link Layer – Standards and Protocols
Link-Layer Control
 IEEE 802
802.5 standards was derived from IBM's token ring network, which
IEEE802.5 employs a ring logical topology and token-based media access control.
Data rates of 14 and 16 Mbps have been defined for this standards
The standard describes a MAN standard called Distributed Queue Dual
IEEE 802.6 Bus. Much more than a data network technology. This suited to data,
voice, and video transmission.
IEEE 802.7 Represents the Broadband Technical Advisory group
IEEE 802.8 Represents the Fibre-Optic Technical Advisory group
IEEE 802.9 Integrated voice/ Data Networks
IEEE
Standards defines network security
802.10
IEEE 802.11 Is a standard for wireless LANs
IEEE
Demand priority Access LAN, 100 BaseVG any LAN
802.12

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