PCET Ch-3 IMP

Water Pollution
Presented by
Dhaval. N. Yadav
Lecturer in Chemical Engineering
Shri K. J. Polytechnic, Bharuch
Presentation outline
 Characteristic of Waste Water
 Water Sampling Methods
 Water Treatment Methods
 Suspended Solid Treatment Methods
 Dissolved Solid Treatment Methods
 Facultative Ponds
 Oxidation & Disinfection
 Sludge Processing
 ETP
 GPCB Norms for Portable Water
April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 2
Introduction
 Water is used for industrial and municipal uses.
 The largest water requirement is for municipal use
but the standard of purity is different from that

demanded for industrial and commercial uses.
 Drinking, Washing, Bathing, Cooking etc.

 In Industry water is used for cooling, dilution
and making solution purposes.

 Both the quality and quantity of water available
in a chemical plant are of much importance.

 Below here are listed certain areas requiring
water in an industry:
 Boiler feed water, Water for spirit distilleries,
Water for paper mills, Water for sugar

industries, Water for dyeing etc.

Water Sampling Methods
 Waste water sampling and analysis forms an
important part of any water pollution control
programme because it helps
In The Identification Of Pollutants and
Pin Pointing Their Characteristics are vital to the

selection of a proper treatment process.

 The sampling method used should be one that gives a
representative picture of the quality of the waste

stream; otherwise the time and effort involved in the
analysis will be completely wasted.

 Gram Sampling & Composite Sampling.

Grab Sample
 The grab sample shows only the prevailing conditions
at the time of sampling and cannot represent average

conditions.
 Hence it should not be used as a basis of treatment.
 Grab samples are useful in determining the effects of
extreme conditions of waste during the time composite

samples are being collected or when the waste water
flow in intermittent.
Composite Sample
 Provides more meaningful data when the composition
of the waste varies either with flow or time.

 A composite sample can be obtained by collecting
individual sample at frequent intervals and mixing them

together. Composite samples can be collected either
manually or with automatic samplers on the basis of
flow or time.

Continued..
 When waste water flow and composition are uniform,
grab samples of a fixed volume can be taken manually

at given time intervals and a composite sample can be
obtained from the same.
 Automatic devices can be used to obtain composite
samples, particularly when there is a need to collect

wastewater analysis at regular, frequent intervals
throughout the day.
Continued..
 Some of these devices collect one large composite
sample, while others collect small samples in

individual containers.
 Depending upon the type of analysis to be performed a
minimum volume of 1 to 2 litres is collected for

Grab Sample, while 2 to 4 litres is collected for
Composite Sample.
How to do the analysis?
 However it is always advisable to collect large samples
rather than small sample.

 The time allowed between the collection and analysis of
a sample depends on the nature of the sample, the

type of analysis to be made and conditions of storage.
 One must ensure usage of preservatives for samples
which are not to be analysed soon after sampling.

Waste Water Treatment Methods
 Each wastewater treatment and disposal system
consists of the following:
Collecting The Wastewater
Transporting It To Treatment Plant
Treating The Wastewater
Disposing of the resulting effluent.

Waste Water Treatment Methods

Physical Treatment Process
 These processes are based on physical characteristics
of the contaminants and are the simplest forms of

treatment.
 This includes Screening, Sedimentation, Flotation
and Filtration.

Chemical Treatment Process
 These processes are based on chemical properties of
the impurities and/or the reagents added.

 This includes Precipitation, Coagulation,
Flocculation, Disinfection, Air Stripping,
Adsorption, Oxidation, Ion Exchange and various
Membrane Separation Processes.

Biological Treatment Process
 These processes make use of various biochemical
reactions (i.e. use of microbes) and are carried out in

presence and absence of oxygen.
 This generally includes Activated Sludge Process,
Lagoons and Ponds, Tricking filters etc.

Waste Water Treatment Stages
 There are basically three types of stages or processes
that take place to render wastewater for disposal.

 These processes are called
Primary Process
Secondary Process
Tertiary Treatment.

WW Treatment Stages
 Likewise, there are three types of treatment
plants -- Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary --

that reduces the pollutant load in wastewater
and chlorinate it before discharging the effluent
into outfall sewer.

Primary Treatment
Screening: Removes bigger size debris like bricks,

glass, etc. that may damage later
equipments
Grinding Reduces the size of bigger size of solids to
(includes smaller size that can be handled by the
shredding): later equipments
Grit removal: Blocks gravel, sand, silt, etc. from going
further.

Aeration : Removes soluble odours gases like H2S,
improves solid separation and settling
etc.
Primary Separates settable organic and floatable
Sedimentation: solids.
Sludge Removes solid settled during primary
Removal : sedimentation
Primary treatment removes 90-95% settle able solids, 40-
60% Total suspended solids, and 25-35% BODs.
Secondary Treatment Stages
 This mainly involves Biological Treatment,
Settling, Clarification and Sludge Removal.

 Biological Treatment can be done by either
Suspended Growth Method or Attached

Growth Method or Anaerobic treatment
methods.
Suspended Attached growth Anaerobic
growth method method treatment
methods
Stabilization Ponds, Trickling filter, UASB (Un flow
Aeration lagoons and Rotating biological anaerobic sludge
ponds, Activated discs, Bio-towers. blanket) Reactor,
sludge treatment, Bio-towers
SBR (Sequence Batch
Reactor)

Suspended Growth Methods
 In this process the microorganisms responsible for
treatment are maintained in liquid suspension by

mixing methods.
 Widely used suspended growth methods are
Activated Sludge Process
Aerated Lagoons
Bio-reactors
Attached Growth Methods
 The microorganisms that are used for the conversion
of nutrients or organic material are attached to the

inert packing material.
 The organic material is removed from the wastewater
flowing past the bio-film or the attached growth.

Attached Growth Methods
 Sand, Gravel, Rock and a wide Variety of Plastic
and other synthetic material is used as the packing

material.
 They can be used both as aerobic when partially
submerged in wastewater or as anaerobic when fully

submerged and no air space above it.

Tertiary Treatment
Carbon Removes recalcitrant pollutants.
absorption:
Nutrient Removes limiting nutrients such as
Removal: nitrogen and phosphorous that could
affect the receiving water body and
cause eutrophication.
Chemical Oxidize recalcitrant pollutants.
oxidation:
Membrane Removes inorganic and other pollutants
Process:
April 15, 2023
bases upon their sizes.
Dhaval N Yadav 28
Electro dialysis Electricity is used for the separation
process and removing charged particles.
Reverse Pressure is used for forcing water
Osmosis: molecules to cleaner sides.
Ion exchange: Removes ionic pollutants through ion
exchange process.
Chlorination Destroys pathogens present in the
including effluent
Ozone
Treatment
Primary Treatment
 Flow Equalization
 A wastewater treatment plant already designed
for some flow rate and loading rate can’t

sustain such large seasonal or other variations
in flow rate.

Primary Treatment
 Flow equalization is a method to overcome
problems related to fluctuations in flow rate

& pollution load.

Flow Equalization
 Flow equalisation basin is located after most of the
primary treatment units such as Screening and Grit

Removal but before primary sedimentation.
 Flow equalisation method controls the short term, high
volumes of incoming flow, called Surges, through the

use of basin.

Continued..
 It helps in equalizing the flow rate and optimizing
the time required for treatment in secondary and

tertiary processes.
 It also helps in lowering the strength wastewater by
diluting it with wastewater already present in the

equalization basin.

Continued..
 Basin volume and dimensions, mixing and air
requirements, etc. are the basic things that are

considered in designing an equalisation basin.

Advantages of Flow Equalization
 Helps in improving the performance of down- stream
operations and reduces the operating & capital cost of

down- stream process.
 Biological treatment is enhanced because of elimination
of shock load due to flow rate & pollution load.

 Thickener/ settler and filter performance gets enhanced
and their required surface area gets reduced.

Flow Equalization-Types
In-Line Flow Equalization
 In this case, all the flow passes through the
equalization basin and helps in achieving reducing

fluctuations in pollutant concentration and flow rate.

Off Line Flow Equalization
 In this case, only over-flow above a predetermined
value is diverted into the basin. It helps in reducing the
pumping requirements.

 In this method of equalization, variations in loading
rate can be reduced considerable.

 Off-line equalisation is commonly used for the capture
of the “First Flush” from combined collections

systems.

Preliminary/Primary Process
 It comprises of Pre-treatment and sedimentation step.
 Wastewater is pre-treated to Remove Large Floating &
Suspended Solids which could interfere with the normal

operation of later operations.
 This includes Flow Measurement and sometimes pre-
chlorination to prevent any odours that may evolve during

subsequent operations.
 Pre-treatment consist of Screening And Girt Removal.
Screening-Construction
 Bar screens are made up of parallel metal bars and
have apertures in the range of 20 to 50mm for

manually cleaned racks, and mechanically cleaned
racks have opening of 5 to 40mm.
 The channel approached velocity is in range of 0.3 to
0.6m/sec for manually cleaned racks, and

0.6 to 1.0 m/sec for mechanically cleaned racks.

 A perforated drainage plate is provided at the top of
the hand cleaned racks where the rakings may be

stored temporarily for drainage.
 Screens of various sizes and shapes are used,
depending upon the nature of solids to be removed and

cleaning of the screen is done either manually or
mechanically.

 Fixed bar screens are the most common types
of screen that are used in domestic waste water

treatment.

Screening-Apparatus

Screening-Working
 The screening process produces objectionable materials
which must be disposed by a satisfactory method.

 Methods of disposal includes burial, incineration,
grinding and digestion.

 In order to disposal problems some treatment plants use
a Comminutor which grinds large solids which can be

handled in sedimentation tanks.

Screening-Working
 After screening the waste water enters the girt chamber
for the removal of inorganic grit, consisting of sand,

gravels, cinders and pebbles.

Sedimentation
 In this process, the settable solids are removed by
gravity settling.
 The sludge formed at the bottom of the tank is removed
as Underflow either by vacuum suction or by raking it

to a discharge point at the bottom of the tank for
withdrawal.
 The clear liquid produced is known as Overflow free
from settable solid particles.

Sedimentation-Types
 There are three types of Sedimentation tank:
1) Rectangular Hollow Tank
2) Circular Radial Type Sedimentation Tank
3) Vertical Flow Type Sedimentation Tank

Rectangular Hollow Tank

Rectangular Hollow Tank
 In rectangular tanks, feed is introduced at one end
along the width of the tank and the overflow is

collected at the surface, either across the other end
or different points along the length of the tanks.
 An endless conveyor scrapes the floating material into
a screen though while it also pushes the settled solids

into the sludge hopper.

Circular Radial Flow Type

 In the circular radial flow tanks, the feed in introduces
through a centre well and the clarified effluent is

collected at weirs along the periphery of the tank.
 Sludge removal is effected by the means of a rotary
sludge scrapper which forces the settled sludge down

a slopping bottom into a central hopper, from which it
is withdrawn.

 Scum is removed by a surface skimming board, which
is attached to the rotary mechanism and positioned in

such a manner that the scum can be collected into a
trough situated at the surface.

Vertical Flow Type

Vertical Flow Type
 Vertical Flow tanks are often used in small treatment
plants where the feed is applied at a point or various

points along the bottom and clarified effluent is
withdrawn at the top.
 A sludge blanket is maintained in the lower part of the
tank through which the suspension rises.

Vertical Flow Type
 It is important to control the sludge withdrawal and
bleed carefully to avoid losing the blanket, which act

as a filter for small particles.

Flotation
 Flotation is used for treating industrial waste waters
containing finely divided suspended solids and oily

matters.
 Generally there are two types of flotation techniques
used.
Dispersed air flotation
Dissolved air flotation

Dispersed Air Flotation
 In dispersed air flotation, air is introduced directly
into the liquid through revolving impeller or through

diffusers.
 The air bubbles formed are generally 1 mm in
diameter and cause turbulence as a result of which

the fragile floc particles gets broken.

Continued..
 Because of this reason the dispersed air flotation
techniques is not much used in municipal waste water

treatment plants.
 In dissolved air flotation technique, air is intimately
brought into contact with the wastewater at a pressure of

several atmospheres when air is dissolved.
 The dissolved air flotation technique can be operated
with and without recycle

April 15, 2023
.
Dhaval N Yadav 58
Dissolved Air Flotation without
Recycle

Process Description
 The pressure on the liquid is reduced to atmospheric level by a
back pressure valve, as a result micron sized bubbles are

formed.
 Suspended solids and oil are thus carried to the surface of the
flotation tank by these minute air bubbles.

 As shown below the entire flow is pressurized and held in
retention tank so that air gets dissolved in the liquid. This is

also known as Total Pressurization or Once Through
System.
Dissolved Air Flotation with
Recycle

Process Description
 The intense mixing of air and wastewater in the
pressurization tank sometimes degrades the flocculent

suspension or oil emulsion.
 In order to prevent it, a portion of clear liquid is recycled
for pressurization.
 Compressed air is introduced into the discharge of the
recycle pump and contact is achieved in the retention

tank.
Continued..
 The recycled flow is then returned through a back
pressure valve and mixed with the influent for

flotation.
 The amount of pressurization flow depends on air to
solid ratio required for treatment. The residence time

in the flotation tank is half hour.

Continued..
 The recycled flow is then returned through a back
pressure valve and mixed with the influent for

flotation.
 The amount of pressurization flow depends on air
to solid ratio required for treatment.

 The residence time in the flotation tank is half
hour.
Secondary Treatment Stages
 This mainly involves Biological Treatment, Settling,
Clarification and Sludge Removal.

 Biological Treatment can be done by either
Suspended Growth Method or Attached Growth
Method or Anaerobic treatment methods.

Role of Microbes
 Aerobic Process
Aerobic treatment processes take place in the presence

of air and utilize those microorganisms (also called
aerobes), which use molecular/free oxygen to
assimilate organic impurities i.e. convert them in to
carbon dioxide, water and biomass.

Role of Aerobic Microbes

Role of Microbes
 An-Aerobic Process
The anaerobic treatment processes take place in the

absence of air (molecular/free oxygen) by those
microorganisms (also called anaerobes) which do not
require air (molecular/free oxygen) to assimilate organic
impurities. The final products of organic assimilation in
anaerobic treatment are methane and carbon dioxide
gas and biomass.
Role of Anaerobic Microbes

Activated Sludge Process
 Used during secondary treatment of wastewater. Activated
sludge is a mixture of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and

rotifers maintained in suspension by aeration and mixing.
 In this process, a biomass of aerobic organisms is grown
in large aerated basins.

 These organisms breakdown the waste and use it as their
food to grow themselves.

Activated Sludge Process (ASP)
 Activated sludge processes return settled sludge to the
aeration basins in order to maintain the right amount of

organisms to handle the incoming "food".
 Activated sludge processes have removal efficiencies
in the range (95-98%) than trickling filters (80-85%).

Process Description
 A primary settler (or primary clarifier) may be introduced to
remove part of the suspended solids present in the influent and

this reduces the organic load to the activated sludge system.
 The biological reactor or aeration tank is filled with a mixture
of activated sludge and influent, known as “mixed liquor”. It is

necessary to maintain certain mixed liquor suspended solid
(MLSS) in the aerated tank maintain good removal efficiency.

Continued..
 The aeration equipment transfers the oxygen necessary
for the oxidation of organic material into the reactor,

while simultaneously introducing enough turbulence to
keep the sludge flocs in suspension.
 The continuous introduction of new influent results in a
continuous discharge of mixed liquor to the secondary

settler where separation of solids and liquid takes place.

Continued..
 The liquid leaves the system as treated effluent,
whereas some part of the sludge is re-circulated to the

aeration tank called as ‘return sludge’ and rest of
sludge is taken for anaerobic digestion.

Description In Brief
 It is the most widely used process for wastewater
treatment.
 It consists of two sets of basins.
 In the first, air is pumped through perforated pipes at
the bottom of the basin, air rises through the water in

the form of many small bubbles.

Continued..
 These bubbles provide oxygen from the air to the
water and create highly turbulent conditions that favor

intimate contact between cells, the organic material in
the water and oxygen.
 The second basin is a settling tank where water flow is
made to be very quiet so that the cellular material is

removed by gravitational settling.
Continued..
 Some of the cell material collected at the bottom is
captured and fed back into the first basin to seed the
process.
 The rest of the sludge is taken for anaerobic digestion.

End of Part
1…
04/15/23 Dhaval N Yadav 80

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Water Pollution

 The largest water requirement is for municipal use

but the standard of purity is different from that

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 3

and making solution purposes.

in a chemical plant are of much importance.

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 4

Water for paper mills, Water for sugar

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 5

In The Identification Of Pollutants and

Pin Pointing Their Characteristics are vital to the

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 6

representative picture of the quality of the waste

analysis will be completely wasted.

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 7

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 8

at the time of sampling and cannot represent average

 Grab samples are useful in determining the effects of

extreme conditions of waste during the time composite

of the waste varies either with flow or time.

individual sample at frequent intervals and mixing them

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 10

grab samples of a fixed volume can be taken manually

samples, particularly when there is a need to collect

sample, while others collect small samples in

minimum volume of 1 to 2 litres is collected for

rather than small sample.

a sample depends on the nature of the sample, the

which are not to be analysed soon after sampling.

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 13

 Each wastewater treatment and disposal system

consists of the following:

Collecting The Wastewater

Transporting It To Treatment Plant

Treating The Wastewater

Disposing of the resulting effluent.

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 14

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 15

 These processes are based on physical characteristics

of the contaminants and are the simplest forms of

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 16

 These processes are based on chemical properties of

the impurities and/or the reagents added.

Membrane Separation Processes.

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 17

 These processes make use of various biochemical

reactions (i.e. use of microbes) and are carried out in

Lagoons and Ponds, Tricking filters etc.

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 18

 There are basically three types of stages or processes

that take place to render wastewater for disposal.

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 19

 Likewise, there are three types of treatment

plants -- Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary --

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 20

Screening: Removes bigger size debris like bricks,

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 21

 This mainly involves Biological Treatment,

Settling, Clarification and Sludge Removal.

Suspended Growth Method or Attached

April 15, 2023 Dhaval N Yadav 24

treatment are maintained in liquid suspension by