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BOOST Pharm Review - Introduction To Pharm, PNS, Cardiac - ANSWERS
BOOST Pharm Review - Introduction To Pharm, PNS, Cardiac - ANSWERS
BOOST REVIEW:
PHARMACOLOGY
EXAM 1
TERMINOLOGY
• Pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
• Pharmacodynamics: what drugs do to the body and how they do it
• Efficacy vs. potency
• Therapeutic range vs. therapeutic index
• Polypharmacy
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic (Adrenergic)
(Cholinergic)
Function Fight or flight Rest, digest, and secrete
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitters & Receptors
dopamine Alpha 1, beta 1, beta 2 Muscarinic
Alpha
Eyes Mydriasis: big pupils Miosis: small pupils
1
Alpha
Vessels in skin and viscera Vasoconstrict
1
Vessels in heart, lung, & skeletal
Beta 2 Vasodilate
muscles
Heart Beta 1 Increased HR and CO Decreased HR
Bronchoconstriction, increased
Lung Beta 2 Bronchodilation
secretion
Liver Beta 2 Glycogenolysis
Salivation, increased secretion,
GI tract
peristalsis, defecation
Kidney Beta 1 Vasodilate & increase renin
Uterus Beta 2 Muscle relaxation
A PATIENT IS PRESCRIBED A
BETA BLOCKER FOR A CARDIAC
CONDITION. YOU KNOW THIS
MEDICATION BLOCKS THE A. angiotensin II and angiotensin I;
BETA RECEPTORS IN THE BODY
SO ____________ AND sympathetic nervous system
__________ CANNOT BIND TO B. dopamine and norepinephrine;
THE RECEPTOR SITE AND
ELICIT A _______ ________ parasympathetic nervous system
_________ RESPONSE. C. norepinephrine and epinephrine;
sympathetic nervous system
D. dopamine and acetylcholine;
parasympathetic nervous system
BETA 1 RECEPTORS CAN BE FOUND IN THE?
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY:
A. GI tract
B. Uterus
C. Heart
D. Lungs
E. Kidneys
F. Vascular smooth muscle
Muscarinic Drugs
Atropine (Atropin) Bethanechol (Urecholine) Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)
Type Anticholinergic Cholinergic Cholinesterase inhibitor
Uses To induce mydriasis “Down to urinate” Myasthenic gravis
To increase HR Detrusor muscle
To slow GI motility Trigone
To reduce secretions Urinary sphincter
A. Urinary retention
B. Bronchial constriction
Nitroglycerine
Mechanism of Converts nitrate to nitric oxide = vasodilation of veins
action
Uses Angina pectoris
Side Effects Orthostatic hypertension
Headache
Contraindicatio Anti-hypertensive medications
ns
THE CLIENT IS TO BEGIN TAKING ATORVASTATIN (LIPITOR) AND THE NURSE
IS PROVIDING EDUCATION ABOUT THE DRUG. WHICH SYMPTOM RELATED
TO THIS DRUG SHOULD BE REPORTED TO THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER?
A. Constipation
B. Increasing muscle or joint pain
C. Hemorrhoids
D. Flushing or "hot flash"
Antiplatelet
Drug MOA Use Side Effect Contraindications Alternatives
Aspiri Inhibits Antiplatelet: 81-325 mg/day GI irritation, <12 y/o = Reye’s Ticlopidine and clopidogrel
n COX à Antipyretic/analgesic: 325-650 mg/4-6 hours bleeding/bruising, syndrome
TXA2 tinnitus
Anticoagulant
Drug MOA Use Lab Test Antidote Side Effects Contraindication
s
Heparin Activates antithrombin III which Many aPTT Protamine HIT: platelet
inactivates activated factors · Normal = 40s sulfate <140k
· Therapeutic = 60-
80 s
· Overtreatment =
>80s
Warfarin Inactivates hepatic vitamin K AF, INR Vitamin K Category X
dependent clotting factors VII, IX, valves, · Normal = 1s (pregnancy)
X, prothrombin joint · Therapeutic = 2-
4.5s
· Overtreatment =
>4.5s
PT
· Normal = 12s
Thrombolytics
· Therapeutic = 18-
Drug MOA 24s Use Side Effects
Alteplase (tPA) tPA converts plasminogen to MI: <12 hours (best at 2 hours)
· Overtreatment = Recognize overt and occult bleeding
plasmin. Plasmin dissolves Ischemic stroke:
>24 s within 4.5 hours
Dabigatran clots.
Inhibits thrombin Pulmonary
AF, embolism
joint None Idarucizumab GI upset
Declot central line
A CLIENT IS BROUGHT TO THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT STATES
THAT HE HAS ACCIDENTALLY BEEN TAKING TWO TIMES HIS
PRESCRIBED DOSE OF WARFARIN (COUMADIN). AFTER OBSERVING
THAT THE CLIENT HAS NO EVIDENCE OF ANY OBVIOUS BLEEDING.
THE NURSE SHOULD DO WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
A. Furosemide
B. Metformin
C. Nitrogylcerin
D. Warfarin