English 9

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 To be moved because of our
emotion, is a strong force that
governs our choices and
decisions.
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 To avoid falling into this
situation, you must learn to
recognize faulty logic,
unsupported facts, and ideas that
appeal to emotion
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 Recognize faulty
logic, unsupported
facts, and emotional
appeal
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 LOGICAL
FALLACIES
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 Logical Fallacies
- Are flawed, deceptive or false
arguments that can be proven
wrong with reasoning.
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 FAULTY LOGIC
Faulty means having faults or imperfect and logic
means reason or sound judgement. Therefore,
faulty logic is an imperfect reason.
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 Example:
1.Claire is an eloquent speaker because
she speaks so well.
2. I loved that movie we saw last night
with Brad Pitt. I am going to rent all of
his movies, and I am sure I’ll like all of
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them
 TYPES OF FAULTY
LOGIC
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 1.Circular Reasoning
The writer or speaker supports a claim with
restatements of that same claim. The argument goes
around and around with the reason making the
same claim as the original argument.
The strategy to detect this, is by checking if there
are statements that the ending will be almost the
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same or, at least, very similar to the beginning.

 Examples:
*Nica is a great communicator because she
delivers her speech well.
* I know Jairus is an honest man, because
he told me he never lies.
*Eighteen- year-olds have the right to vote
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because its legal for them to vote.

 2. Overgeneralization

The writer reaches conclusions from a limited

number of facts. The strategy here is look for
context clues like all, every, always, never.
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 Examples:
*All flight attendants are tall. Nica is a flight
attendant, therefore, she is tall.
*Every time I’ve been to Florida, the weather
has been rainy. It’s always raining in Florida!
* My mother, sister, and girlfriend diet all the
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time. Women are always on diet.

 3. Self- Contradiction
The writer states a position that contradicts an
earlier stated premise. Strategy to detect, look
for statement that the beginning and ending
will be opposites- they will contradict each
other.
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 Examples:
*I am hardworking student. I will do my
homework after watching Netflix.
* I am proud that I am humble.
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 4. False Causality

This occurs when two events happen at the same

time, and an assumption is made that one event
causes the other. Strategy, look for a cause and
effect relationship, the cause will be FALSE.
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 Example:
*I am singing aloud, and it rains hard. There is
no connection between the singing and the
rain.
*Every time I forget my umbrella. It rains.
Therefore , I cause the rain by leaving my
umbrella at home, and guarantee a nice day by
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bringing my umbrella.
 5. Over-Simplification
This occurs when a single cause is assumed to have
created a problem or an issue. In reality, the
problem or issue may have been created by a
number of causes.
Strategy, look for the cause mentioned in the
statement. If many causes have been cut down to
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ONE CAUSE, it contained over simplification.

 Example:
*Typhoon Ondoy brought flood in the metro.
The flood was caused by heavy rains.
Remember that there are many factors and
reasons of flood not only the heavy rains.
* The answer to childhood, obesity is to teach
kids to just say no to bad food.
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 6. False Assumptions
This occurs when the writer may be proven false or may
be merely stating an opinion. In detecting the
assumptions, the strategy is to ask yourself with these
questions: Does this statement involve a stereotype? Is
this statement just an opinion? Can this statement be
proven false? If the answer is yes to any of these
questions, then the faulty logic is probably an
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assumption.
 Example:
*Planting helps boost immune system.
* Pregnancy without morning sickness
means you’re having a boy.
* Eating at night makes you fat.
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 UNSUPPORTED FACTS
-are those claim that don’t have an adequate
evidence to prove it. There should be enough
evidence to prove your claim. It can come from
different resources and not just from the opinion
of others. Therefore, if your claim doesn’t have a
concrete evidence, it is considered as unsupported
fact.
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 Example:
*Men are naturally more violent than
women.
* Nike shoes have been proven to support
your leg muscles and make you stronger.
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 EMOTIONAL APPEAL
- Is a logical fallacy, whereby a debater attempts to win an
argument by trying to get an emotional reaction from the
opponent and audience. In an emotional appeal, persuasive
language is used to develop the foundation of an appeal to
emotion based arguments instead of facts. Producing an
emotional appeal requires an understanding of your audience
and what may strike their emotions the most.
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 Examples:
* Malnourished children were used on a
television commercial about milk
supplement.
* Santa Claus must be real; it would make
me sad if he wasn't.
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Thank you!
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