ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

The complete path of an electric current, 
including the generating apparatus,
intervening resistors, or capacitors or a power source,
passive devices, and active devices.
Type of Electric Circuits:

Series
1. Simple
Parallel
Series Parallel
2. Complex Parallel Series
Network
pi – tee Transformation
tee – pi Transformation
Basic Components of an
Electric Circuit

1.) Connecting Wires, I

2.) Load, R
3,) Voltage Source, V

R I R
I
V 
 Other Circuit Components
1.) Fuse/Circuit Breaker
interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage
by overheating or fire is prevented. 
2.) Transformer
is used for measurement of electric currents. A current
transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what
may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.
3.) Capacitor
- (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing
electric charge.
 4.) Transistor
are semiconductor device used as amplifiers, as the
circuits breaker and connecting (switching), voltage
stabilization, signal modulation, or as other function, it can
also act like an electric faucet, w/c allows electric
conduction of the circuit is very accurate source of electricity.
5.) Resistor
is a two-terminal passive electronic component which
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
 6.) Inductor
(or reactor) is a passive electrical component 
that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the 
electric current passing through it. An inductor's ability to store
magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in units of henries
7.) Diode
is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts 
electric current in only one direction. The most common function
of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction
(called the diode's forward direction) while blocking current in
the opposite direction (the reverse direction). 
8.) Oscillator
9.) Ground
10.) Antenna
11.) Switch
12.)Thermistor
Electrical Circuit Overload
Electrical circuit overloads happen when more amperage is put
across an electrical wire or circuit than it can handle. For instance, a
#14 wire can safely carry 15 amps and should be protected by a 15-
amp breaker. If it happens to get connected to a 20-amp breaker
instead, the breaker will allow 20 amps of current to flow through a
wire that can only handle 15 amps. The wire and breaker start to heat
up and could cause start an electrical fire.

Circuit Breaker
Panel Overload
Octopus Connection
Octopus electrical connections are much like extension cords
with multiple outlets. It's the same principle but it's usually a bunch
of outlets crammed together. 
Open Circuit
A circuit is said to be OPEN when a break exists in a complete
conducting pathway. Although an open occurs when a switch is used
to reenergized a circuit, an open may also develop accidentally. To
restore a circuit to proper operation, the open must be located, its
cause determined, and repairs made.
Short Circuit
A short circuit is an accidental path of low resistance which
passes an abnormally high amount of current. A short circuit
exists whenever the resistance of a circuit or the resistance of a
part of a circuit drops in value to almost zero ohms. A short often
occurs as a result of improper wiring or broken insulation.
It sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c, in an 
electrical circuit is one that allows a current to travel along a path
where essentially no (or a very low) electrical impedance is
encountered. The electrical opposite of a short circuit is an "
open circuit", which is an infinite resistance between two nodes.
It is common to misuse "short circuit" to describe any electrical
malfunction, regardless of the actual problem.
 SERIES CONNECTION
- if the resistors share a common wire
-JUNCTION-TO-JUNCTION
- NODE-TO-NODE

R1 R2 R3
R4 IT = V T / R T
= VT I T = I1 = I 2 = .. I n

RT = R 1 + R 2 + R3 +…Rn
( total resistant)
Req (equivalent resistant) ξ = V T = V 1 + V 2 + …. V n
 R
1 = 10 Ω
R1 R2 R3 2 = 20 Ω
R4 3 = 40 Ω
= VT 4=8Ω
ξ= ν T =100 ν
RT = ∑ RA
VT 100
= ( 10+20+40+8)Ω
RT 75
R T = 78 Ω

ν 1= I 1 R1 ν 2 = I 2 R2 ν 3 = I 3 R3 ν 4 = I 4 R4
= (1.28)(10Ω) ==(1.28)(20Ω) = (1.28)(40Ω) = 10.24 V
IT = = 1.28 A
= 12.8 V = 25.6 V = 51.2 V
PARALLEL CONNENTION(R ≈I )
- if the resistor share two common nodes
R1

R2
=
R3

R4
R T = R 1 // R 2 // R 3 // R 4
ξ= 100 V 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ….1
R T R 1 R 2 R3 R4 RN
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 + .. I n
Shorted:
AC . BD ξ=V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3 = …. V n
 R Ω
1 = 10
2 = 20
3 = 40
4= 8
ξ= 100 V
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
R ≈I
R T R 1 R 2 R3 R4
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 I T = ξ = V T = 100 V
R T 10Ω 20Ω 40Ω 8Ω R T R T 3.33 Ω
= 30.03 A
R T = 3.33 Ω
I 1 = V 1 = 100V I 2 = V 2 = 100V I 3 = V 3 = 100V I 4 = V 4 = 100V
R 1 10Ω R 2 20Ω R 3 40Ω R 4 8Ω
= 10A = 5A = 2.5A = 12.5A
PARALLEL-SERIES CONNECTION
Minor branch
Major branch
 R Ω
1 = 10
2=8
3 = 40
4=5

ξ = 60 V
Solve for:
Current, I and Voltage Drop, V

Rx = R1 + R2 R T = R x // R y = 18 (45)
= 10Ω + 8Ω R x + R y 18 + 45
= 18 Ω = 12.86 Ω

I T = V T = 60 V
R y= R 3 + R 4
R T 12.86
= 40Ω + 5Ω
= 4.665 A
= 45 Ω
 I x = V x = 60 V
R T = R x // R y
V T = V x = V y = 60V R x 18 Ω
= 3.33 A

I y = V y = 60 V Ix = I1 = I2
R y 45 Ω
Iy = I3 = I4
= 1.33 A

V1 = I1 R1 V3 = I3 R3
= (3.33 A)(10 Ω) = (1.33 A)(40Ω )
= 3.33 V = 53.20 V

V2 = I2 R2 V4 = I4 R4
= (3.33 A)(8Ω) = (1.33 A)(5Ω )
= 26.64 V = 6.65 V
SERIES–PARALLEL CONNECTION
Minor branch
Major Branch
 R Ω
1 = 10
2=8
3 = 40
4=5

ξ = 60 V
R x = R 1 // R 3 = 10 (40) R 2= R 1 // R 4 = 8(5)
R1 + R3 10 + 40 R1 + R3 8+ 5
= 50 Ω = 3.08 Ω

RT = RX + RY
I T = V T = 60 V = 5.42 A
= 8Ω + 3.08 Ω RT 11.08 Ω
= 11.08 Ω
 Vx = Ix RX Vy = Iy Ry
RT = RX + RY
= 5.42 A (8Ω) = 5.42 A (3.08Ω)
IT = Ix = Iy
= 43.36V = 16.69V

R x = R 1 // R 3
V x = V 1 = V 3 = 43.36V

I 1 = V 1 = 43.36 V = 4.336 A I 3 = V 3 = 43.36 V = 1.084 A

R1 10Ω R 3 40Ω

R y = R 2 // R 4
V y= V 2 = V 4 = 16.69V

I 2 = V 2 = 16.69 V = 2.09 A I 4 = V 4 = 16.69 V = 3.34A

R 2 8Ω R 4 5Ω
 Pi Tee Transformation
( π T)
DELTA WYE Transformation
(∆ Y)
∆ T
R1 = RB RC
RA + R B + R C
R2 = RA RC
RA + R B + R C

R3 = R B RA
RA + R B + RC
Y ∆
RA = R1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R 3 R 1
R1

RB = R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R2

RC = R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
R3
KIRCHHOFF’S RULE
- used for multi-voltage circuits
- named after Robert Gustav Kirchhoff

KCL – Kirchhoff’s Current Law

- focus is on junction/node
KVL – Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
- focus is on loops
any closed conducting path

Junction: b and e
Loops:
abcfa or afeba
bcdeb or bedcb
abcdefa or afebcba
 KCL:
∑ I ENTER = ∑ I LEAVE

# OF JUNCTION EQUATION/S = # JUNCTIONS – 1

JUNCTION B:
I1 = I2 + I3

KVL:
LOOP abefa
∑ ξ + ∑ IR = 0
+ξ

-ξ

# OF LOOP EQUATIONS = #of branches– #of junction equation

 R Ω
LOOP abefa 1 = 10
2=5
3 = 20

ξ1 ξ1 = 60 V
ξ2
ξ2 = 50 V
-I 1 R 1 - I 3 R 3 + ξ 1 = 0 I1 = I2 + I3
- 10I 1 - 20I 3 + 60 V= 0
-10I 1 - 20I 3 = -60 V 10(I 2 + I 3 ) + 20I 3 = 60 V
10I 1 + 20I 3 = 60 V 2 10I 2 + 10 I 3 + 20I 3 = 60 V 4

LOOP bcdeb:
-I 2 R 2 + I 3 R 3 - ξ 2 = 0
-5I 2 + 20I 3 -50V= 0
-5I 2 + 20I 3 = 50V 3
EQUATION 3 & 4 ELIMINATE I 2

2 ( -5I 2 + 20I 3 = 50V ) - 10I 2 + 40I 3 = 100V

10I 2 + 10 I 3 + 20I 3 = 60 V
70I 3 = 160 V
I 3 = 2.26 A

EQUATION 3 SOLVE FOR I 2

I 2 = 50V – 20 (2.26 )
-5
I 2 = - 0.857 A

SOLVE FOR I 1
MAXWELL’S MESH ANALYSIS
- James Clerk Maxwell

MESH – a simple loop

# OF MESH EQUATIONS = # OF MESHES

ξ1
ξ3

ξ2
 R Ω
1 = 10
ξ1 2 = 40
3 = 20
ξ3 4 = 15

ξ2 ξ1 = 50 V
ξ2 = 60 V ξ3 = 150 V
-I A ( R 1 + R 4 + R 2 ) + I B ( R 2 ) + I C ( R 4 ) + ξ 1 = 0
-I B ( R 2 + R 3 ) + I A ( R 2 ) - ξ 3 = 0
-I C ( R 4 + R 5 ) + I A ( R 4 ) - ξ 2 = 0
-65 I A + 40 I B + 15 I C = - 50V 1
40 I A - 60 I B = 150V 2
15I A - 23 I C = 60V 3
EQUATION 1 & 2 ELIMINATE I B

3 (- 65 I A + 40 I B + 15 I C = - 50V )
2 (40 I A - 60 I B = 150V )
- 195 I A + 120 I B + 45 I C = - 150V )
80 I A - 120 I B = 300V
-115 I A + 45 I C = 150V 4

EQUATION 3 & 4 ELIMINATE I A

3 (-115 I A + 45 I C = 150V) -345 I A + 135 I C = 450V

23 (15I A - 23 I C = 60V ) 345I A - 529 I C = 1380V
-349 I C = 1830 V
I C = -4.64 A
EQUATION 3

I A = 60V + 23 (-4.64 )
15
= -3.12 A

EQUATION 2

I B = 150V - 40 (-3.12 )
-60
= -4.58 A

I1 = IA I2 = IA - IB I4 = IA - IC
I2 = IB = -3.12 A- (-4.58 A) = -3.12 A- (-4.64 A)
I3 = IC = 1.46 A = 1.52 A
EXERCISES:
Find the individual currents of the circuit below.

1. 2.

3. 4.
5. 6

7. 8.
Thank you, Engr!

Sir Genaro B. Abreu

Sana maging Bokal