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Thermoplastics
Chemical structure remains
unchanged during heating and
shaping
Examples:
Polyethylene: packaging, electrical insulation, milk and water bottles, packaging film
Polypropylene: carpet fibers, automotive bumpers, microwave containers, prosthetics
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): electrical cables cover, credit cards, car instrument panels
Polystyrene: disposable spoons, forks, Styrofoam™
Acrylics (PMMA: polymethyl methacrylate): paints, fake fur, plexiglass
Polyamide (nylon): textiles and fabrics, gears, bushing and washers, bearings
PET (polyethylene terephthalate): bottles for acidic foods like juices, food trays
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene): non-stick coating, Gore-Tex™ (raincoats), dental floss
Thermosetting Plastics
These plastics are made up of molecules that are heavily
cross-linked (below). This results in a rigid molecular
structure. Although they soften when heated the first time,
and can therefore be shaped, they then become
permanently stiff and solid, and cannot be reshaped.
Thermosets
Undergo a curing process during
heating and shaping, causing a
permanent change (cross‑linking)
in molecular structure
Examples:
1. Compression Moulding
2. Transfer Moulding
3. Extrusion Moulding
4. Injection Moulding
5. Blow Moulding
6. Thermoforming
7. Calendering
8. lenPolymer Foam Processing and Forming
9. Product Design Considerations
Plastics Processing: Compression Molding compression molding
Plastic Processing : Compression Molding
• Molding materials:
– Phenolics, melamine,
urea‑formaldehyde, epoxies,
urethanes, and elastomers
• Typical compression-molded products:
– Electric plugs, sockets, and housings;
pot handles, and dinnerware plates
• Two variants:
– Pot transfer molding - charge is injected from a "pot" through a
vertical sprue channel into cavity
Figure : (a) Side view cross‑section of an extrusion die for solid regular shapes, such as
round stock; (b) front view of die, with profile of extrudate .
• Progress of polymer melt through barrel leads ultimately to the die zone
• Before reaching die, the melt passes through a screen pack - series of wire
meshes supported by a stiff plate containing small axial holes
• Functions of screen pack:
– Filter out contaminants and hard lumps
– Build pressure in metering section
– Straighten flow of polymer melt and remove its "memory" of circular
motion from screw
Extrusion Die for Coating Wire
Figure : Side view cross‑section of die for coating of electrical wire by extrusion.
• Polymer melt is applied to bare wire as it is pulled at high speed through a die
– A slight vacuum is drawn between wire and polymer to promote adhesion
of coating
• Wire provides rigidity during cooling - usually aided by passing coated wire
through a water trough
• Product is wound onto large spools at speeds up to 50 m/s (10,000 ft/min)
Plastics Processing: Extrusion
Process
The photo below shows a typical thermoplastic extruder.
Plastics Processing: Extrusion
Injection Molding
Injection unit
Melts and delivers polymer melt
Operates much like an extruder
Clamping unit
Opens and closes mold each injection cycle
Plastics Processing: Injection Molding
Plastics Processing : Injection Molding Machine
– Extrusion or
– Injection molding
Extrusion Blow Molding
2 4
5
Injection Blow Molding
Calendering is a process where a large amount of molten plastic is placed between rollers and
rolled to turn it into sheets. The rollers are hot and keep the plastic in its semi - molten state
allowing it to be rolled thinner and thinner as it passes through rollers which are closer and
closer together. When it is at the required thickness it is rolled through cold rollers to enable it
to go hard and is then wound into rolls.