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T
T

A
G

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What is
CODON?
CODON
A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA
molecule that codes for a specific amino acid. Certain codons
signal the start or end of translation.

The codon acts as an essential genetic unit of life.

A sequence of three nucleotides constitutes a codon
or we can say trinucleotide sequence makes a codon
on mRNA. The basic nucleobases of RNA nucleotides
are:

Adenine (A) Uracil (U)

Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
 Apart from amino acids, there are also codons that specify start/stop signals.

(Start codon) marks the site at which

translation into protein sequence begins

(Stop codon) marks the site at which

translation ends
Genes that provide instructions for proteins are expressed in a two-step process.

TRANSLATION
In translation, the codons of an mRNA are read in order (from the 5' end to the
3' end) by molecules called transfer RNAs, or tRNAs. Each tRNA has an
anticodon, a set of three nucleotides that binds to a matching mRNA codon
through base pairing.

TRANSCRIPTION
The process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. The
information present in a DNA (in the form of a gene) “rewritten” into the mRNA
which is the readable form of information for the ribosome
The Genetic Code Table
The full set of relationships between codons and amino acids (or stop signals) is
called the genetic code. The genetic code is often summarized in a table.
DNA
5’- TTTAATGAGCTTTAACGCACATCA -3’
3’- AAATTACTCGAAATTGCGTGTAGT -5’

mRNA
3’- AAAUUACUCGAAAUUGCGUGUAGU -5’
OR
5’- UGAUGUGCGUUAAAGCUCAUUAAA -3’
Met Cys Val Lys Ala His STOP
Need to flip mRNA 5’ 3’ before reading it)
The reading frame:

The reading frame determines the order of mRNA from which a

protein is formed. Every reading frame starts with the AUG start
codon and then expends to the end codon. Every reading frame
starts with the AUG.
Mutations and genetic code:
a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication
during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral
infection.

Replication error and DNA breakage are intrinsic

while UV light, high temperature and radiations are
the extrinsic factors that cause mutations.