Emotions

Lecturer
Qazi Zuhair

Ilma University
EMOTIONS
 Emotion is derived from Latin word EMOVERE which means STIRRED UP or TO
EXCITE.
 Emotion is a complex psychological phenomenon which occurs as animals and human live
their lives.
 It is a intense feelings that are directed at someone or something
Types/ Kinds of Emotions
 Positive Emotions
 Are the pleasant emotions which are beneficial / helpful for the individual

 Negative emotions
 Are the unpleasant emotional experiences, it doesn’t produce any beneficial effects
 Primary Emotions
 These are direct emotional reactions to a situation.
 Joy, happiness, fear, shame, sadness etc

 Secondary Emotions
 This is an emotional response to a primary emotion, thus an emotion about what we feel.
 Worry, anxiety , anger, jealousy etc
Physical Changes in Emotions
 Facial Expression
 Each emotions has its definite facial expression. Various muscles of th face us as the
muscles of eyes, nose, lips and forehead undergo changes by twisting and twitching.

 Muscular Adjustment
 Under certain emotional expressions the muscles of the body make automatic adjustments
Physical Changes in Emotions
 Voice also tells about the emotions of the individual.
 Releasing of energy
 During emotions a lot of energy is released to meet the emergency situation. Our liver
releases glycogen and which get converted into glucose and it gets burnt releasing energy
 Respiration and circulation: in order to supply more oxygen, lungs function faster and so
breathing becomes shallow and faster. Further there is an increased blood pressure and
heartbeats.
Physical Changes in Emotions
 Secretly changes: there is significant change in variance glands. The flow of these
secretions in the foam of saliva, tears, sweat etc
 Changes in thermoregulation: there is a change in temperature of a body. At the time of
intense excitement, it generally goes down.
 Digestive changes: During emotions digestive system gets affected. During emotional state
our stomach and intestine work quietly slow sometimes it increases the functions.
 Brain functioning: Emotions changes our sensory and perceptual process.
Physical Changes in Emotions
 Other changes
 Erection of air
 Stimulation of sweat glands
 Dryness of mouth
 Pupils become dilate
 Redness of the face
 Changes in body movements
 Blood clots more quickly in case of wounds
Psychological Changes in Emotions
 During intense emotions our attention and perceptual process get altered.
 Our thinking and reasoning will be affected adversely
 Learning will be slowed down during emotions.
 Memory will be inhibited
 Disorientation of time, place and person may experience during an intense emotions.
 Person may be unable to concentrate in his tasks.
 Decreased ability to analyze and solve problems.
 Decrease in self-confidence and self esteem
 Person may become dull withdrawn and pessimistic.
 In certain emotions one may become aggressive, become homicidal ideas
Theories of Emotions
 Canon-bard theory of emotions
 James-Lange theory of emotion
 Schachter-singer Theory/ Two factors theory
Canon-bard theory of emotions
 This theory is proposed by walter cannon and Philip Bard
 According to this theory, the emotional experience and physiological experience/body
arousal both are independent of each other
 Both will be happening on same time
James-Lange theory of emotion
 This theory is proposed by William James and Carl Lange.
 This is one of the best examples of physiological theory of emotions.
 They suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to event
 For example I see a snake “I am trembling, therefore I am feared”
 1. perception of an environmental situation which produces the emotions
 2. Physiological responses of body
 3. Experienced emotions
Schachter-singer Theory/ Two factors theory
 Proposed by Stanley Shachter and Jerome Singer
 The emotional experience is a result of our cognitive label or cognitive appraisal
 As a result cognitive appraisal of the situation and body arousal we experience the
emotions
 For example
 If you experience a racing heart and sweating palms during exam, you will probably
identify the emotion as anxiety. If you experience the same while seeing a snake, you
might interpret as fear