Di v is i on

w th a nd
Cell G r o
ha pt e r 10
C
 ivi si on &
r ow th, D
Cell G
o du ct ion
Re p r
10.1
 Limits to Cell Size - DNA
The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the
cell places on its DNA.
DNA contains the information needed to build
molecules for cell growth.
The bigger the cell, the more instructions it needs
to give.
Limits to Cell Size - Materials
The rate at which materials enter and
leave the cell is determined by the surface
area to volume ratio.
The larger the cell the less surface area
there is to allow materials to enter and exit.
 Cell Division
The process by which a
mother cell divides into
two daughter cells
Two Types:
Mitosis (Body Cells)
Meiosis (Sex Cells)
Life Processes that Result From
Cell Division
1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Reproduction
(Asexual)
Cell Division & DNA
Before cell division occurs a cell must
make a copy of its DNA.
The daughter cell is half the size of the
mother cell solving the problems of a larger
cell.
Asexual Reproduction
In some organisms, cell division is a form of
reproduction. Two organisms come from one.
This is called ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
Daughter cells are genetically identical to the
parents.
Fast, but no genetic diversity
Bacterial Reproduction Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc
Sexual Reproduction
Involves the fusion of two separate
gametes from two separate individuals.
Offspring inherit some of their genetic
information from each parent.
Requires more energy, genetic diversity
 ivi si on
10.2 ss of Cel l D
e P r o c e
T h
Chromosomes
Condensed DNA
Replicated in preparation for cell
division
Different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Chromosomes
Single circular
chromosome that
contains cells genetic
information.
Found in cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Chromosome
Multiple chromosome found in nucleus.
Made of densely coiled DNA
Make it possible for DNA to be separated
precisely during cell division.
Cell Cycle

Series of events that

cells go through to
grow and divide
Four Phases
G1 Phase – Cell Growth
PART OF INTERPHASE
Period of intense growth and activity
Doing the day to day cell activities
S Phase – DNA Replication
PART OF INTERPHASE
Chromosomes are replicated
At end of phase cells has 2 copies of
chromosomes
G2 Phase – Prep for Mitosis
PART OF INTERPHASE
Shortest part of Interphase
Organelles needed for cell division are made
M Phase: Cell Division
Consists of two stages:
• Mitosis – Nuclear Division
• Cytokinesis – Cytoplasm Division
Prophase
Nuclear Membrane starts to dissolve
Duplicated CHROMOSOMES are attached at a
CENTROMERE and are called CHROMATIDS.
SPINDLE FIBERS form and attach to the
CENTRIOLES which start moving to the poles
Metaphase
The CENTROMERES OF THE
CHROMATIDS line up across the center of
the cell.
SPINDLE FIBERS connect the
centromeres of each chromosomes to the
two poles of the spindle.
Anaphase

The chromosomes separate and move

along spindle fibers to opposite ends of
the cell until they reach the poles.
Telophase
The chromosomes begin to spread out into a
tangle of CHROMATIN.
The nucelar envelope reforms around each
cluster of chromatin.
Spindles fibers break apart
Cell elongates (stretches out)
Cytokinesis
Completes the process of cell division
In animal cells: Membrane is drawn inward to
pinch the cytoplasm into two parts
In Plant cells the cell plate forms in between the
two nuclei to form new cell wall and membrane.
 el l Cy cl e
i n g the C
Reg ula t
10.3
Cell Division is initiated by:

The NUCLEUS
 Controls on the Cell Cycle
Scientists observed in the lab that cells continue to divide
until they touch each other (senescence)
In the 1980’s a protein called CYCLIN was discovered that
promotes spindle growth.
We now know, the cell cycle is controlled by
REGULATORY PROTEINS both inside and outside the
cell.
Internal Regulators
Respond to events WITHIN the cell
Make sure that cell cycle does not advance
until certain requirements are met.
These are the CHECKPOINTS
External Regulators
Respond to events OUTSIDE the cell.
SPEED UP or SLOW DOWN the cell cycle
GROWTH FACTORS stimulate the growth and
division of cells.
Proteins on outside of cell stop cell division when
one cell touches another cell.
The rate of cell
division in humans is
controlled by:
A growth hormone
produced by the
pituitary gland.
HgH
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Series of controlled steps leading to self-
destruction
Plays a key role in growth and development
Cancer
Disorder in which cells lose the ability to control growth

Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the

growth of most cells.

Cells divide uncontrollably and form masses, called

tumors.
Causes of Cancer
Defects in the genes that regulate cell growth
Sources of defects include: smoking and exposure
to smoke, radiation (including UV), chemical
exposures, certain viral infections (HPV) and
defective genes.
Many cancer cells have a defect in the p53 gene
 n tia tio n
D iff er e
10.4 Cell
to m any
ne
From o
From One Cell to Many
Each multicellular organism started life as just
one cell.
Multicellular organisms go through the
EMBRYO stage from which an adult form is
gradually produced.
During development cells become more
specialized.
What is Differentiation?
It is the process of becoming specialized to
perform a specialized task.
A differentiated cell is different from the the
embryonic cell that produced it.
Differentiation in Mammals
Cell differentiation is a flexible process that is still
not fully understood.
Adult cells generally reach a point and which their
differentiation is complete and it can no longer
become another type of cell.
Stem Cells
The unspecialized cells from which differentiated
cells develop are know as stem cells.
There are two types:
-Embryonic Stem Cells
-Adult Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells
Are TOTIPOTENT cells that are able to
develop into any other cell type.
Only the cells resulting from the first few
embryonic cell divisions are this type
Found up till about the forth day of
development when the blastocyst forms
Adult Stem Cells
Are MULTIPOTENT cells that can develop
into most but not all cells
Typically, stem cells of an organ or tissue can
only produce the types of cells that are unique
to that tissue.
Adult stem cells in the bone marrow can only develop
into types of blood cells.
Stem Cell Research
Scientists are studying which signals tell a cell to
become specialized and how some cells remain
multipotent.
There many conditions that could be helped by the
formation of new cells such as diabetes and strokes.
Stem cells offer a new avenue of potential to replace
damaged cells and tissues
Ethical Issues
Adult stem cell research has little opposition
because the cells come from the body of a willing
donor.
Human embryonic stem cell research is
controversial because the arguments for it and
against it both involve ethical issues of life and
death.