Inertia and Mass Newtons Laws of Motion Linear Momentum and its conservation Impulse Work and Energy

Principle of Conservation of Energy Reference Book: Fundamentals of Physics: Halliday (8th Ed)

Inertia and Mass

Objects tend to "keep on doing what they're doing." In fact, it is the natural tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. This tendency to resist changes in their state of motion is described as inertia. Inertia: the resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion. Newton's conception of inertia stood in direct opposition to more popular conceptions about motion. The dominant thought prior to Newton's day was that it was the natural tendency of objects to come to a rest position. Moving objects, so it was believed, would eventually stop moving; a force was necessary to keep an object moving. But if left to itself, a moving object would eventually come to rest and an object at rest would stay at rest.

Newtons Laws of Motion

Newton's first law of motion is often stated as

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Force
Frictionless table

A force can cause acceleration of a body. When 2 or more forces act on a body we can find their net force or resultant force by adding the individual forces vectorically. A single force that has the magnitude and direction of the net force has the same effect on the body as all the individual forces together. This fact is called the principle of superposition for forces.

Mass
A given force produces different magnitudes of acceleration for different bodies. Put a baseball and a bowling-ball on the floor and give both the same kick (FORCE). We will find that the baseball receives a noticeably larger acceleration than the bowling ball. The two accelerations differ because the mass of these two balls are different. The mass of a body is the characteristic that relates a force on the body to the resulting acceleration.

Newtons 2nd Law

Fnet must be the vector sum of all the forces that act on that body.

Sample Problem

Sample Problem

 A gravitational force Fg on a body is a certain type of pull that is directed toward a second body (Earth). Thus Fg is a force that pulls on it directly toward the center of Earth.

In vector form
j is the unit vector that points upward in the y-axis

Newtons 3rd Law

Sample Problem

Linear Momentum and its conservation

Momentum:
Momentum is the product of inertia and velocity. Inertia means the tendency of something not to change, and velocity means how fast it moves. So momentum means the tendency of an object in motion not to slow down. Momentum is of two kinds, angular and linear. Both kinds are conserved in any collision. Conservation means that none is lost. Linear momentum is the tendency of an object moving in a certain direction to keep going at the same speed in the same direction. It is the product of the object's inertia (its mass M) and its velocity (v), or Mv.

Linear Momentum and its conservation

For a collision occurring between object 1 and object 2 in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision. That is, the momentum lost by object 1 is equal to the momentum gained by object 2.

 Consider a collision between two objects - object 1 and object 2. For such a collision, the forces acting between the two objects are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction (Newton's third law). This statement can be expressed as

The forces act between the two objects for a given amount of time. In some cases, the time is long; in other cases the time is short. Regardless of how long the time is, it can be said that the time that the force acts upon object 1 is equal to the time that the force acts upon object 2.

 Since the forces between the two objects are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and since the times for which these forces act are equal in magnitude, it follows that the impulses experienced by the two objects are also equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

But the impulse experienced by an object is equal to the change in momentum of that object (the impulsemomentum change theorem). Thus, since each object experiences equal and opposite impulses, it follows logically that they must also experience equal and opposite momentum changes. As an equation, this can be stated as

Linear Momentum and its conservation

Solved Example

Solved Example

Impulse
The product of average force and the time it is exerted is called the impulse of force. From Newton's second law, the product of average force and the time it is exerted is called the impulse of force. From Newton's second law

the impulse of force can be extracted and found to be equal to the change in momentum of an object provided the mass is constant:

The process of minimizing an impact force can approached from the definition of the impulse of force:

be

 If an impact stops a moving object, then the change in momentum is a fixed quantity, and extending the time of the collision will decrease the impact force by the same factor. This principle is applied in many common-sense situations:
If you jump to the ground from any height, you bend your knees upon impact, extending the time of collision and lessening the impact force. A boxer moves away from a punch, extending the time of impact and lessening the force. Automobiles are made to collapse upon impact, extending the time of collision and lessening the impact force.

 Alternatively, the same scenario can be examined with the aid of the work-energy principle

An impact which stops a moving object must do enough work to take away its kinetic energy, so extending the distance moved during the collision reduces the impact force.

Kinetic Energy (KE) K

It is energy associated with the state of motion of an object. The faster the object moves the greater its KE. When the object is stationary, its KE=0.

Work and its expression

Work

Work KE Theorem

Friction
20% of the gasoline used in an automobile is needed to counteract friction in the engine and in the drive train.

Principle of Friction

Friction