Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis
• Protein is the most important molecule in the cell.
Enzymes, antibodies, and some hormones are
examples of proteins that play an important role in
living organisms. The production of proteins is called
protein synthesis which consists of two processes –
transcription and translation.
 Protein
• Proteins are large complex molecules that are essential
for normal functioning in the cell. Proteins are made up
of smaller amino acids, which are building blocks of
proteins.
• There are 20 amino acids that are classified based on
their polarities and charge. Each amino acid is also coded
by DNA in a trinucleotide sequence or in groups of three
bases which is referred to as codon.
 Transcription Translation
• The process by which a cell makes an • The process by which a cell
RNA copy of a piece of DNA. This RNA makes proteins using the genetic
copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), information carried in messenger
carries the genetic information RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is made
needed to make proteins in a cell. It
by copying DNA, and the
carries the information from the DNA
in the nucleus of the cell to the information it carries tells the cell
cytoplasm, where proteins are made. how to link amino acids together
to form proteins.
Genetic Code Table
1. Aspartic Acid
2. Glutamic Acid
3. Valine
4. Glycine
5. Methionine
6. GAC
7. GCG
8. UUU
9. GUU
10. GGG
11. AUC
12. AAA
13. GUG
14. CCC
15. AAC
Genetic Code Table

AUG GUA CCU UUA UAA

UAC CAU GGA AAU AAU
Met Val Pro Leu Stop

AAG UUA CCA GAU CCC

UUC AAU GGU CUA GGG
Lys Leu Pro Asp Pro

UGU AAA GUC UGG CAG

ACA UUU CAG ACC GUC
Cys Lys Val Trp Glu
 1ST THE DOG BIT THE CAT

2ND THE DOB BHY IHL HYT

 Gene Mutation
• Mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA.
• When the code in a gene is changed, a different message may result. Any
change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA, any mistake in the
transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA etc.
• Changes in the protein structure or level of expression may lead to changes
in cellular properties and behavior, as a result, the organism is affected.
• Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary
widely in size and shape. Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three
times bigger than chromosome 22. The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two
special chromosomes, X and Y, that determine our sex.
Genetic Disorders
Cri du chat syndrome
• A rare genetic disorder caused by
missing pieces on a particular
chromosome. It is not the result of
anything the parents have done or
failed to do. The characteristics of a
newborn with cri du chat syndrome
include a high-pitched cry, a small head
and a flattened bridge of the nose.
Genetic Disorders
Down’s syndrome
• is usually caused by an extra copy
of chromosome 21(trisomy 21).
Characteristics include decreased
muscle tone, stockier build,
asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes,
and mild to moderate mental
retardation.
Genetic Disorders
Edwards’ syndrome
• the second most common trisomy after
Down’s syndrome. It is a trisomy of
chromosome 18. Symptoms include
mental and motor retardation and
numerous congenital anomalies causing
serious health problems. About 99% die in
infancy. They have a characteristic hand
appearance with clenched hands and
overlapping fingers.
Genetic Disorders
Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
• described when men are usually
sterile and tend to have longer
arms and legs and to be taller
than their peers. They are often
shy and quiet and have a higher
incidence of speech delay.
Genetic Disorders
Turner’s syndrome
• (X instead of XX or XY) is described
when female sexual characteristics
are present but underdeveloped. They
often have a short stature, low
hairline, abnormal eye features, and
bone development, and a “caved-in”
appearance to the chest