View and Outer Join

Three Levels of Abstractions

Relational
VIEW here! schema studied
in class

Storage details
Hiding Information from Some Users
 Some information should not be released
to all users
 Students(sid, sname, gpa, age)
 Customized and authorized data access
for different users or groups of users
 Create a new table without gpa?
 Extra overhead on coordination of updates: any
updates to one table have to be applied to the other
 Extra overhead on space
Some Frequently Used Information
 Frequently deriving course rosters from
 Students(sid, sname, gpa, age)
 CourseEnrolled(sid, cid, day)
 Writingqueries to join the two tables
many times are tedious
 Can we have a virtual table?
 Roster(sname, cid, day), by joining the two tables
Students and CourseEnrolled
View
 Create a virtual table from Students, only
include the sid, sname, age information
 Students(sid, sname, gpa, age)

CREATE VIEW StudentsLimited AS

SELECT sid, name, age
FROM Students

 Assign a name to a query

 A view does not exist physically, the tuples in a
view are not stored explicitly in a specific table
Renaming Attributes
 Createa virtual table from Students, only
include the sid, sname, age information;
rename sid to stuId and sname to stuName
 Students(sid, sname, gpa, age)

CREATE VIEW StudentsLimited(stuId, stuName, age) AS

SELECT sid, sname, age
FROM Students
Creating View from Multiple Tables
 Create a virtual table Roster from Students and
CourseEnrolled; include sname, cid, and day only
 Students (sid: integer, sname: string, gpa: real, age: integer)
 CourseEnrolled (sid: integer, cid: string, day: date)

CREATE VIEW Roster(stuName, cid, day) AS

SELECT sname, cid, day
FROM Student S, CourseEnrolled E
WHERE S.sid = E.sid

 A user who can access Roster, but not Students or

CourseEnrolled knows the names of students who have
enrollments but cannot find out the gpa and age of a given
student.
Querying a View
 Use the view Roster
 Find all courses enrolled by ‘Bob’
SELECT cid
FROM Roster
WHERE stuName = ‘Bob’

 Find the number of students enrolled in each course

SELECT cid, count(sname)

FROM Roster
GROUP BY cid
Drop View
 DROP VIEW viewname

 Drop View Roster;

 Drop View StudentsLimited
Some Extra Notes on Joins

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Inner Join
 We have learned the following join:
SELECT S.sid, sname, bid
FROM Sailors S,Reserves R
WHERE S.sid = R.sid

 Returnsonly those sailors who have

reserved boats
 This is called “inner join”, can also be written as
SELECT S.sid, sname, bid
FROM Sailors S INNER JOIN Reserves R ON S.sid = R.sid
SELECT sid, sname, bid
FROM Sailors NATURAL JOIN Reserves
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SELECT S.sid, sname, bid
FROM Sailors S,Reserves R
WHERE S.sid = R.sid

sid sname rating age sid bid day

22 Dustin 7 45.0 22 101 10/10/96
31 Lubber 8 55.5 95 103 11/12/96
95 Bob 3 63.5

S.sid sname bid

22 Dustin 101
95 Bob 103

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Left Outer Join
 Left Outer Join returns all matched rows
PLUS
all unmatched rows from the table on the left of the join clause
 Use NULL in fields of non-matching tuples

SELECT S.sid, sname, bid

FROM Sailors S LEFT OUTER JOIN Reserves R
ON S.sid = R.sid

 Returns all sailors & information on whether they have

reserved boats

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 SELECT S.sid, sname, bid
FROM Sailors S LEFT OUTER JOIN Reserves R
ON S.sid = R.sid

sid sname rating age sid bid day

22 Dustin 7 45.0 22 101 10/10/96
95 103 11/12/96
31 Lubber 8 55.5
95 Bob 3 63.5

S.sid sname bid

22 Dustin 101
95 Bob 103
31 Lubber
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Right Outer Join
 Right Outer Join returns all matched rows,
PLUS
all unmatched rows from the table on the right of the
join clause
SELECT sid, B.bid, bname
FROM Reserves R RIGHT OUTER JOIN Boats B
ON R.bid = B.bid

 Returns all boats & information on which ones are

reserved.

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 SELECT sid, B.bid, bname
FROM Reserves R RIGHT OUTER JOIN Boats B
ON R.bid = B.bid

sid bid day bid bname color

22 101 10/10/96 101 Interlake blue
95 103 11/12/96 102 Interlake red
104 Marine red

sid B.bid bname

22 101 Interlake
102 Interlake
104 Marine

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Full Outer Join
 Full Outer Join returns all (matched or
unmatched) rows from the tables on both sides
of the join clause
SELECT sid, B.bid, bname
FROM Reserves R FULL OUTER JOIN Boats B
ON R.bid = B.bid

 Returns all boats & all information on

reservations

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SELECT sid, B.bid, bname
FROM Reserves R FULL OUTER JOIN Boats B
ON R.bid = B.bid

sid bid day bid bname color

22 101 10/10/96 101 Interlake blue
95 103 11/12/96 102 Interlake red
104 Marine red

sid B.bid bname

22 101 Interlake
95
102 Interlake
104 Marine
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 A B C D
Another example 1 2 3 4
R LEFT OUTER 1 2 3 8
A B C
JOIN S 1 3 7 5
1 2 3
2 2 5 null
2 2 5
1 3 7 A B C D
R R RIGHT 1 2 3 4
OUTER JOIN S 1 2 3 8
B C D
1 3 7 5
2 3 4
null 2 7 1
2 7 1
3 7 5 R FULL OUTER
2 3 8 JOIN S ?
S 1
 General Format for Joins
SELECT (column_list)
FROM table_name
[INNER | {LEFT |RIGHT | FULL } OUTER] JOIN table_name
ON qualification_list
WHERE …

 Explicit join semantics needed unless it is an

INNER join (INNER is default)

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A Summary of Joins