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Basic Definitions 2 Principles of Photometry 3 Lummer - Brodhun Photometer 4 Problems
Basic Definitions 2 Principles of Photometry 3 Lummer - Brodhun Photometer 4 Problems
2 PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOMETRY
4 PROBLEMS
1
PHOTOMETRY
Introduction :
2
BASIC DEFINITION :
Luminous Flux (F) :
The amount of light energy radiated from a
source or an illuminating object in all directions per
second is known as ‘luminous flux’. It is denoted
by the letter F or and its unit is ‘lumen’.
Definition of 1 Lumen :
F
1 Lumen = 4
3
Luminous Intensity or Illuminating Power (I) :
The luminous intensity (or) illuminating power (I)
of a point source in any direction is defined as the
luminous flux emitted or radiated per unit solid angle
in that direction.
I=F/
4
‘F’ is measured in lumen and ‘’ in steradian , the
unit for ‘I’
Lumen
I or 'Candela'
Steradian
6
Other units of illumination :
Lux : It is equal to 1 lumen per square metre.
It can also be defined as the intensity of illumination
over a surface area of 1m2, placed at a distance of
1m from a point source of 1 Candela.
E I
I
E
r2
(or)
1 KI
E E
r2 r2 8
1 I
K E 2
4 4r
Principle of Photometry :
The principle of photometry is based on the
adjustment of the distances of the two light sources
from the measuring point they produce equal
intensity of illumination at the point.
9
E1 and E2 be the intensity of illumination due to
two sources S1 and S2 at a surface ‘S’, r1 and r2
be the distances of the two sources from the
surface. The inverse
I1 square law of illumination,
I2
E1 and E2 2
r
1
2 r2
Photometer :
It is an instrument which is used to compare the
luminous intensities of two sources. If the luminous
intensity of one of the source is known, the luminous
intensity of the other one can be measured.
11
LUMMER – BRODHUN PHOTOMETER :
This is one of the most accurate photometers used
for comparing the luminous intensities of two sources.
13
Totally reflecting prism P1 and P2 :
Telescope T :
22
This photometer is best suited for the
comparison of luminous intensities of two light
sources producing same colour.
23
Solved Problem (1) : Two lamps of 32 candle power and
8 candle power respectively are placed 2 meters apart.
A screen is placed between them. Where should the
screen be placed in order that it may be equally
illuminated by the lamps on both sides ?
Given I1 = 32 candle power
I2 = 8 candle power
r1+ r2 = 2m
24
I1 I 2
Formula :
2
2
r1 r2
Let ‘x’ be the distance from where the screen has to be
placed to get equal illumination on the screen. Then
r1 = x
32 8
2
2
x (2 x)
UNIT III LECT - 1 25
32(4+x2-4x) = 8x2
24x2 – 128x + 128 = 0
3x2 – 16x + 16 =0
3x2 – 4x – 12x + 16 = 0
r1(3x-4)-4(3x-4) = 0
(x-4) (3x-4) =0
Hence x can be either 4 or 4/3 Since the separation
between the two lamps in 2m, x cannot be 4 m.
Here x = 4/3m. i.e. when the screen is placed at a
distance of 4/3m from the lamp of 32 candle power, the
screen is illuminated equally by the lamps on both sides.
( 200 x ) 2 32
or 2
4
(x ) 8
8 32
(x ) 2 ( 200 x ) 2
( 200 x ) 2 32
4
(x ) 2 8
( 200 x )
2
8
200 3x x = 66.67 cm.
or
Thus the screen should be placed at a distance of 66.67 cm
from the first lamp L1 (8 c.p.) and 133.33 cm from the second
lamp L2 (32 c.p.)
UNIT III LECT - 1 30
Solved Problem (3) : Two identical sources are at a
distance of 60 cm from each other. Where must a screen
be placed in between them so that one side of the screen
may be illuminated four times greater than the other
Let the screen be placed at a distance xcm from first
source. Now the distance of the second source will be
(60-x) cm. If the illumination of one side is E, then the
illumination of the other side should be 4E. Let both the
sources have illuminating power I. Then
I I
E and 4E
(x ) 2 (64 x ) 2
UNIT III LECT - 1 31
x2 x
4 or 2
(60 x) 2 (60 x)