Isotopes,

Formulas
and Names
of
Compounds
General Chemistry
1
Learning Objectives

• Recognize common isotopes and their

• uses.
Represent compounds using formulas,
structural
chemical formulas and
• models
Name . compounds given their and write
formula formula given the name of the
compound.
Lesson 1: Atomic
Structure and Isotopes
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. Elements are made up of small indivisible particles called atoms.

2.In any given pure element, the mass and other properties of all the atoms are
the same. A toms of different elements differ in mass and other properties.

3.Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. The constituent
atoms in each compound are present in a consistent or constant whole number
ratio.

4.In a chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. They
simply combine, separate, or rearrange.
 An atom consists of a very dense central
nucleus made up of protons and neutrons,
plus electrons that move about the nucleus at
a relatively large distance from it.

Atomic Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up

Structur each atom on the periodic table.

e
Neutrons have no charge, whereas protons
and electrons are charged particles. Protons
and electrons have the same charge
magnitude but opposite signs. Protons have a
positive charge, whereas electrons have a
negative charge.
Subatomic Location Mass Charge
Particle
Proton Inside the 1.673 x 10-27kg 1.602 x 10-19 C
Nucleus
Neutron Inside the 1.675 x 10-27kg 0
Nucleus
Electron Around 9.109 x 10-31kg -1.602 x 10-19 C
Nucleus
Atomic Structure
• Number of protons = number of electrons
(in neutral
atom)
• p + =e-
The number of protons in a nucleus is the
atomic number
Z.
• The
Z= pnucleon
+ number or mass number A is
the sum of the number of protons p+ and
the number of neutrons n0. Number of
protons + number of neutrons =
mass number.
• A=p + + n0
Isotopes
• Isotopes – atoms of the
same number of protons
but different number of
neutrons.
• In writing the symbol of an
isotope, place the mass
number as a superscript,
(i.e., 16O)
Isotopes

Isotopes can be classified as stable or

unstable.

Stable isotopes are isotopes that do not undergo radioactivity and do

not disintegrate.

Unstable isotopes are those that exhibit radioactivity. They can be natural
or artificial and both emit radiation in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma
rays.
 Applications of Different Isotopes
Isotope Symbol Isotope Name Application

3H
tritium radio labeling of organic compounds and in
archaeological dating
11 C
carbon-11 Positron emission tomography
24Na
sodium-24 obstruction testing in circulatory system
32P
phosphorous-32 blood volume determination
51Cr
chromium-51 measuring of formation and lifetime of
erythrocytes
60Co
cobalt-60 radiotherapy for cancer treatment
131I
iodine-131 measuring of thyroid activity and treatment of
thyroid disorders
153 Gd
gadolinium-153 measuring the density of bones
226Ra
radium-226 radiotherapy for cancer treatment
235U
uranium-235 production of nuclear reactors and weaponry
241Am
americium-241 smoke detectors
Atomic Structure and Isotopes

A single nuclear species having specific values of both atomic

number (Z) and mass number (A) is called a nuclide. The
electron structure of an atom, which is responsible for its
chemical properties, is determined by the charge Ze of the
nucleus.

The nuclides that have the same Z but different A are called
isotopes. They have different masses because their nuclei
contain different numbers of neutrons.
 • The symbol of the element, with a pre-
subscript equal to atomic number Z
and a pre-superscript equal to the
Notation of mass number A.
individual
nuclides 𝑨
𝒁𝑿

where X is the name of the

element
 • Examples:
1. CHLORINE (Cl) – Z =17 and A = 35,
A = 37
35 𝐶𝑙 37𝐶𝑙
17 17
Notations of
individual pronounced “chlorine-35” and “chlorine-
37”
nuclides
2. HYDROGEN (H) – Z = 1 and A = 1, A = 2,
A= 3

1𝐻 2𝐻 3𝐻
1 1 1
Lesson 2: Formulas
and Names of
Compounds
Molecule
s• Atoms combine to stabilize themselves because they either
lack or exceed the required number of electrons for stability.
Therefore, atoms have a choice to lose, gain, or simply share
their electrons with other atoms to be stable.
• A collection of two or more atoms held in a specific
arrangement due to sharing of electrons and acts as a single
unit is called a molecule.
• Molecules can just be a combination of the same element,
which are called diatomic molecules, or an aggregate of two
or more types of atoms.
Different representations of a
molecule
Chemical Formulas

• The molecular formula of a compound denotes the

exact number of atoms present in a molecule,
whereas the empirical formula does not provide
the exact number of atoms composing the molecule,
but rather the type of atoms and their simplest
whole-number ratio.
 IONIC BONDING COVALENT BONDING

NON-METALS
-“SHARING of electrons”
-“TRANSFER” of electrons
- NON-METALS + NON-
-METALS + NON-METALS METALS
Ionic vs Covalent
Compounds
Writing the Formulas Given their
Names
 1) Write the symbol of the first
element in the compound’s
name, then the symbol of the
second element in the
compound’s name.
Binary Covalent 2) Indicate how many atoms of
(Molecular) each element the molecule
contains using subscripts after
Compound: the atomic symbol.
• The numbers of atoms are given in
the molecule’s name in Greek
prefixes
• NOTE: If there is no Greek prefix in front
of the first element in the name that
implies the number is 1.
 1) Write the symbol/formula of the
first ion in the compound’s name,
then the symbol/formula of the
second ion in the compound’s
name.
2) Indicate the ratio of the ions in
Ionic Compound: the compound using subscripts
after each ion.

• The ratio of the ions is deduced by

balancing the charges of the ions.
• IMPORTANT: When there is more than one
of a polyatomic ion in the formula unit we
use parenthesis. Example M g(NO 3)2
Writing the Formulas
of Ionic Compounds
Example
• Write the formula for calcium bromide.

1) Write the symbol/formula of the first ion in the compound’s

name, then the symbol/formula of the second ion in the
compound’s name.
Example
• Write the formula for calcium bromide.

2) Indicate the ratio of the ions in the compound using

subscripts after each ion.

We can use the CRISS-CROSS METHOD

Criss-cross method
• This is done so that the total charge in the ions, when large
numbers of cations and anions combine, is equal to zero.
• We find the ion’s charge from its position on the periodic
table or we look it up in a table in the case of polyatomic
ions.
• Transition metal with varying charges will be written in
the compound name in Roman numerals.
• Note, we do not leave the charges written above the symbols
in the completed formula.
• When there is more than one of a polyatomic ion in
the formula, we use parenthesis.
Example
• Write the formula for calcium bromide.

2) Indicate the ratio of the ions in the compound using

subscripts after each ion.

- First, temporarily write the charge of each ion above the

ion’s symbol.
Example
• Write the formula for calcium bromide.

2) Indicate the ratio of the ions in the compound using

subscripts after each ion.

- Next, place numbers in the subscripts such that the total

charge of the compound is zero. Note that in this example, we
need two bromide ions, each has a charge of (1-) to cancel
the (2+) charge of the calcium ion:
Example
• Write the formula for calcium bromide.

2) Indicate the ratio of the ions in the compound using

subscripts after each ion.

Using CRISS-CROSS METHOD:

Exercises: Write the formulas for the following
ionic compounds
1.sodium bicarbonate

2.sodium fluoride

3. iron (III) chloride

4. sodium carbonate

5. copper (II) sulfate

Writing the Formulas
of Covalent
Compounds
Example
1
• Write the formula of dinitrogen tetrafluoride.

1) Write the symbol/formula of the first element in the

compound’s name, then the symbol/formula of the second
element in the compound’s name.
Example
1
• Write the formula of dinitrogen tetrafluoride.

2) Indicate how many atoms of each element the molecule

contains using subscripts after the atomic symbol. The
numbers of atoms are given in the molecule’s name in Greek
prefixes.
Example
2
• Write the formula of carbon disulfide

1) Write the symbol/formula of the first element in the

compound’s name, then the symbol/formula of the second
element in the compound’s name.
Example
2
• Write the formula of carbon disulfide

2) Indicate how many atoms of each element the molecule

contains using subscripts after the atomic symbol. If there is no
Greek prefix in front of the first element in the name, then the
number is 1.
Exercises: Write the formulas for the following
covalent compounds

1. disulfur tetrafluoride

2. carbon trioxide

3. nitrogen pentoxide

4. nitrogen tribromide

5. dinitrogen heptachloride
Writing the Names Given their
Formulas
 Determine if the
Compound is Binary
Covalent (Molecular) or
Ionic:

Does the compound

contain only two types of
Writing nonmetal elements?
Names for
Compounds If
YES:

Binary Covalent
(Molecular) Compound:
 1) List the name of the first element
in the formula.

2)List the second element and

Binary Covalent add the "ide" suffix.
(Molecular) 3)Use Greek prefixes to indicate the
Compound: number of each atom in the
formula.
• Exception: Do not use mono- for the
first element in the name.
• The o or a at the end of the Greek prefix is
dropped when the element name begins
with a vowel.
 Determine if the
Compound is Binary
Covalent (Molecular) or
Ionic:

Does the compound

contain only two types of
Writing nonmetal elements?
Names for
Compounds If
NO:

Ionic
C ompound:
 1) Write the cation name
first, then name the anion.

Ionic Compound: 2) If the cation is one of the

metals with various charges,
write the charge using
parenthesis and Roman
numerals after the metal name.
• Monoatomic anions use the “ide” suffix
Writing the Names of
Ionic Compounds
Example
1
• Write the name for CaBr 2

1) Write the cation name first, then name the

anion.
• monoatomic anions use the “ide” suffix
Example
2
• Write the name for Mg(NO 3 ) 2

1) Write the cation name first, then name the anion.

• Here we notice that the anion is a polyatomic ion. Get
the name from the polyatomic ion table
Exercises: Write the names of the following
compounds
• NaCl

• Fe2(CO3)3

• Cu(OH) 2

• (NH4 )2 SO4

• Li(NO3)
Writing the Names
of Covalent
Compounds
Example
1
• Write the name for N 2 S 4

1) List the name of the first element in the formula.

2) List the second element and add the –ide suffix.

3)Use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each atom

in the formula.
Example
2
• Write the name for SO 3

1) List the name of the first element in the formula.

2) List the second element and add the –ide suffix.

3)Use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each atom in

the formula. Exception: do not use mono- for the first
element in the name.
Example
3
• Write the name for C O

1) List the name of the first element in the formula.

2) List the second element and add the –ide suffix.

3)Use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each atom in

the formula. Exception: do not use mono- for the first
element in the name.
Exercises: Write the names of the following
compounds
• Br2I4

• P5 F8

• NO 5

• NBr 3

• N2 O5
Thank
You!
M s. M elanie B.
Ramos Subject
Teacher