TRANSPORT PROCESSES

-INTRO & CONDUCTION (Part 1)-

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Nadia Adrus
UNIVERSITI
TEKNOLOGI
LOGO MALAYSIA
www.utm.my
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TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to:

1) Define rate, driving force and resistance in heat and mass

transfer and the relationships between these quantities.
2) Explain the mechanism of heat transfer in metallic and non-
metallic solid materials.
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INTRODUCTION
 TRANSPORT is a system to deliver properties from one location to the
other.

 TRANSPORT PROSESSES are the processes whereby properties (mass,

energy, or momentum) are transported from one region of a material to
another under the influence of driving forces (composition, temperature, or
velocity gradients).

 Rate of Transfer is amount of properties delivered per units of time: Joule

per second, mole per second.

 Driving Force is a factor that will make the processes transfer occur

 Resistance is a factor that will be slowing down the process to transfer the
properties.
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INTRODUCTION

 Basic equation of transport processes

Driving Force
Rate of transfer =
Resistance

 Engineering properties involved:

 Heat
 Mass
 Momentum
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INTRODUCTION

Heat Transfer

Rate of transfer : Heat Flux (J/m2.s)

Heat Rate (J/s)

Driving Force: Temperature Difference

T (K or oC)

Resistance: Thermal Resistance

Driving Force
Fourier’s law: q dT

A dx
Heat Flux Resistance
k
Heat Transfer
Coefficient
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INTRODUCTION

Mass Transfer
Rate of transfer : mass Flux (mole/m2.s)
mass Rate (mole/s)

Driving Force: Concentration Difference

CA (mole/m3)

Resistance: Mass Resistance

Fick’s Law: Driving Force
JA dc A
  dx Resistance
Mass Rate A
DAB
Mass Transfer
Coefficient
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INTRODUCTION

Momentum Transfer

Rate of transfer : momentum Flux

(yx atau F/A) kg/m.s2

Driving Force: Velocity (m/s)

Resistance: Momentum Resistance

Newton’s law: Driving Force

F dUx
 yx    dy
A Resistance
Rate 
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HEAT TRANSFER

• Heat transfer is a study of the exchange of thermal energy

through a body or between bodies which occurs when there
is a temperature difference
• The rate of heat transfer, q is measured in watts (W)
• The heat flux, q’’ or the rate of heat transfer per unit area,
is measured in watts per area (W/m2)

Table 1. Units and Conversion Factors for Heat Measurements

SI Units English Units
Thermal Energy (Q) 1 J 9.4787×10-4 Btu
Heat Transfer Rate (q) 1 J/s or 1 W 3.4123 Btu/h
Heat Flux (q") 1 W/m2 0.3171 Btu/h.ft2
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HEAT TRANSFER

 3 Modes of heat transfer

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Any energy exchange between bodies occurs through one of these
modes or a combination of them
 Conduction is the transfer of heat through solids or stationery
fluids
 Convection uses the movement of fluids to transfer heat
 Radiation does not require a medium for transferring heat; this
mode uses the electromagnetic radiation emitted by an object for
exchanging heat
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CONDUCTION

 Two mechanisms explain how heat is transferred by conduction:

 Metal: Free electron diffusion
 Non-metal: Particle OR Molecular collision OR Lattice Vibration

Heat energy
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CONDUCTION: Thermal Conductivity

Material Thermal conductivity

W/(m·K)
o Thermal conductivity, k, is Air 0.025
the property of a material Wood 0.04 – 0.4
that indicates its ability to Alcohols and oils 0.1 - 0.21
Soil 0.15
conduct heat
Rubber 0.16
Epoxy (unfilled) 0.19
o Typical units are SI: W/(mK) Epoxy (silica-filled) 0.30
and English Unit: Btu.ft/(h.ft².oF) Water (liquid) 0.6
Thermal grease 0.7 – 3
o Thermal conductivity of liquid Glass 1.1
varies with temperature and Ice 2
can be expressed as linear Sandstone 2.4
Stainless steel 15
variation
Lead 35.3
Aluminium 237
Gold 318
Copper 401
k  a  bT Silver 429
Diamond 900 – 2320
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CONDUCTION: Thermal Conductivity

Material Thermal conductivity

W/(m·K)
o Thermal conductivity, k, is Air 0.025
the property of a material Wood 0.04 – 0.4
that indicates its ability to Alcohols and oils 0.1 - 0.21
Soil 0.15
conduct heat
Rubber 0.16
Epoxy (unfilled) 0.19
o Typical units are SI: W/(mK) Epoxy (silica-filled) 0.30
and English Unit: Btu.ft/(h.ft².oF) Water (liquid) 0.6
Thermal grease 0.7 – 3
o Thermal conductivity of liquid Glass 1.1
varies with temperature and Ice 2
can be expressed as linear Sandstone 2.4
Stainless steel 15
variation
Lead 35.3
Aluminium 237
Gold 318
Copper 401
k  a  bT Silver 429
Diamond 900 – 2320