SIPOCOT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

TARA SIPOCOT CAMARINES SUR

S/Y 2022 -2023

DALIPAY AND PLASTICS AS AN ALTERNATIVE

COMPONENTS OF HOLLOW BLOCKS
BERNAS, REA MAE V.,
BONTO ROWELA MAE P.,
NAVAL SAMANTHA NICOLE E.,
OLEA, NORIELA JEAN A.,
CAMBA, JAMES CESAR D.,
CECILIO, GABRIEL ALFRED L.,
CUADRA, JOSER N.,
MERANO, JADE REX T.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
 INTRODUCTION
Dalipay
Sand is the
Polyethylene isterephthalate,
amain
type ingredient
of mineral
also inrock
called that
makingPET can
hollow
is abe found
blocks.
form of locally inItriverbeds,
It is found
polyester. isinprimarily
river
The researchers’ product is hollow blocks primarily made of Dalipay and
and
beds,lakebeds
derived from andinoceans.
lakes,petroleum the Philippines.
We use sand
hydrocarbons Dalipay isthelocally
in construction,
and is resultasused
sandbags
of a in pottery,
to control
reaction tile
between
plastic bottles, and other materials. The researchers’ goal is to replace sand with
making,
floods,
monomers wall
and and
even
ethylene bricks,
to
glycol filter
andand sculptures.
water.
terephthalic A
Depletion
acid.domestic
of
PET sand
is
Dalipay and plastic bottles as the main components in making hollow blocks and
mudbrick
one due
of to
the or mud-brick
sand
most mining
commonly
to is
usedresults
an air-dried
ainhollow
plastics
create the
duedeepening
brick,
to itsmade
block of isrivers,
ofbetter
lightweight,
that a mixture
enlargement
of native
strength,
than the andof transparency
river
Dalipay,
conventional mouths mud,often
product and
sand,
in coastal
andofas
used
terms
inlets that
water
beverage
structure, mixed destroys
bottles, with
fooda habitats,
composition, binding
bottles/ material
dirtyand
jars,
and strength. rivers,
such
fooderodes
as ricebeaches,
packages. huskSince
or straw.
and
its lossThrough
of ground
synthetization the in
theuse
U.S.
to ofinmudbricks,
rising thesea
’40s, itDalipay
levels.has The
had cantoxic
sand beeffects
was on humans
used famously
for constructionsuch in
used as stunted
purposes.
constructinggrowth,
However, theand
reproduction
artificial
this issues;
is notpalmcommon and in
islands onfound
the environment,
urban Dubai to an
incommunities instance
increase
and citiesofbut
Dubai’sit isinstead,
the manufacturing
tourism inmarket
local
of indigenous
PET
by resin creates
providing villages more
a one-of-a-kind toxictourism
and regions emissions
far from such as but
destination,
metropolises. nickel, and ethylene
it caused asphyxiated oxide,
benzene
wildlifeandinhabiting
ethylbenzene than manufacturing glass; and the presence of plastic
the area.
bottles in oceans as fragments intoxicate marine life and causes fish and other life
to become ill.
SOP - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

OBJ - OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

H&A - HYPOTHESIS AND ASSUMPTIONS

CF
- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND PARADIGM
&P
TF
- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND PARADIGM
&P
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The goal of this study is to create a hollow block out of Dalipay
SOPSOP and plastic bottles.

OBJ 1. What is the level of acceptability in terms of:

a) Mass
3. Is the researcher’s product more effective than the commercial
b) Size
product in terms of:
H&A c) Surface
a) Strength
b) Mass
CF 2. c)
What is the level of effectiveness in terms of:
Surface
&P a) Resistance to fire
b) Strength
TF
c) Resistance to water
&P
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
SOP
3. To determine if the researchers’ product is more acceptable
1. To determine the acceptability of the product in terms of::
than the commercial product in terms of:
a) Mass
OBJOBJ a) Mass
b) Size
b) Strength
c) Surface
c) Surface
H&A
2. To determine the level of effectiveness of the product in terms
CF of:
a) Resistance to fire
&P b) Strength
c) Resistance to water
TF
&P
 HYPOTHESIS
SOP
This study hypothesizes that the combination of Dalipay
and plastic bottles is an effective ingredient as a hollow block
to be used for construction purposes.
OBJ
• The level of durability, strength, and resistance to fire, water, and
ASSUMPTIONS
sound are necessary for establishing the level of effectiveness of
HYP
H&A Dalipay and plastic bottles as a hollow block..
The following assumptions serve as the foundation of the study.
• The level of durability, strength, and resistance to fire, water, and
CF sound are necessary for establishing the level of effectiveness of
&P • The
Dalipay
leveland plasticdimension
of mass, bottles as and
a hollow block..
structure are valid and reliable in
determining the level of effectiveness of Dalipay and plastic bottles
TF as a hollow block.
&P
SOP CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK & PARADIGM
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
• Since
LookingDalipay
for an has •an absence
Determining andof a binding
gathering characteristic
• Hollow blocks
OBJ alternative but effective
thatThe
sand has,
input
ingredient shows
in making
the materials needed.
the researchers
what
•   was done determined
to arrive
made of Dalipay
thatat
andplastic
the bottles
research
plastic bottles
can
result.beFirst,
hollow the the
blocks. binding •agent
Making due
researchers looked to for
theirs
of the product. high malleability.
a complication in any
•  
Second,
• Lookingthe
concepts of researchers
for life and focused consider
• Conductingon the
sand a being
material
survey. the that hardens
ingredient in
H&A when
making mixed
hollow
respondents to with the water
blocks
test •and
  looksimilar
for antoalternative,
cement powderbut effective and
researchers’ product. • Gathering the data needed.
determined
ingredient and that wood
found •  ash
that can be
Dalipay hasathe substitute
qualities for cement
of being an
CF CF powder.
• AskingThird,
effective the toresearchers
for approval
ingredient • Interpreting
in hollow gather
the giventhe materials needed to
blocks.
conduct the survey. results
&P &P create the researchers’ product.

TF
&P
 THEORETICALFRAMEWORK AND PARADIGM
SOP The Vibration Theory
Researchers’
Diffusion Theory
of innovation (2015)
2022
(DOI)- –AThe
Diffusion vibration
theory, is a fluctuating
researchers
of by predictmotion
E.M. Rogers that
1962-
about
Dalipay,an equilibrium
plastic state.and
bottles, There are two types
Innovation
limestone will beofeffective
vibration:materials
It originated
Clay Theory in communication
2013 –states Theory
that to(1962)
clay explain
is made how,up over
of time, an
crystals. A
deterministic
Limestone
as a or substitute and
is used random.
for as A deterministic
the binding
hollow blocks. agent vibration
The diffuses can
in researchers’
researchers be product
are confident
idea
OBJ geologic product
activity
characterized
gains
precisely,
momentum
ejects different
whereas clay
and
a randomcrystals into
vibration
(or spreads)
aonly
bodycan of bewater
as it
throughmay
that thisastudysignificantly
specific would improve
be successful.
population orseveral
social The types of properties
researchers
system. The aim of
result such
to
such
as as
analyzed rivers and
statistically.
compressibility, oceans and
In mechanical
strength, washed systems,
performance, them out. These
deterministic
and durability. sticky
vibrations
Main
challenge
diffusion
are crystals is
excitations
and
that expand
people,
thatupon
existing
as part
DALIPAY
elicit contact
a response
knowledge.
of the
AND
from social The
a system.system,researchers’
In adopt
theory, as a long
clay
materials The
to latch
be used, researchers which will results
make in
the a now
product stickier
using
HYP clay.product
new
as two idea,
The
can
ofsticky be
product,
the three
Vibration
used
clay or to
variables
is catch
PLASTICS
replace
behavior. A
(excitation,
up on
ALTERNATIVE
AS
cement.
person
the
AN It aims
must
system, and
riverbank
to
perceive
and
replace
response)
start
Researchers'
the are
the
idea,trial-and-error
cement
known, with
behavior,
the Dalipay
third or
one method.
and
product
can be The
plastic
as new researchers
determined; bottles
or innovative
however, willmathematics
to reduce makeplastic
because a product
waste
it is
Theory
accumulating as it builds up clay
COMPONENTS deposit. Theory
with
and
the the
keythe same
use
to
(2015) of materials
adoption.sand. It is but
Dalipay
throughwith
and different
PET
this that ratios
bottles onbe
will
diffusion different
is used
possible. trials
as a
CF might
Thisthebe challenging.
theory is related Most often,
to theOF the
HOLLOW
present response
study function
as it theorizesis sought,
the so
until
substitute
thatThis
the researchers
for sand
theory
excitation has beenwere
to minimize
function used
andable
BLOCKS
in
the to
its have
many
system the
use fields
and
must desired
came
in
be a up with anfor
product
successful
known. idea
&P configuration of clay, Dalipay in particular to be used in the
the study.
where
way This the
theory
including researchers
is interlinked
communication, can touse PET bottles
theagriculture,
current study as
in aone
criminal way ofthat
the
justice,
researchers’ product.
components
TF TF vibration
social will be
work, inamaking
public variable
health, hollow
in and blocks, andThis
the researcher's
marketing. cut them
product
theory into smaller
interconnected
is linked
to
to strength
pieces
the to
presentand study
make durability.
them in One
suitable
the of to
case the be
thatresearcher's
added
it explains with goals
the
the is to make
other
definition of
&P &P Clay Theory
the product
materials. durable to vibration.
innovation from different perspectives.
(2013)
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to

Businessmen. create
The alternative Hallow
businessmen will beBlocks made of
benefited Dalipay
from this
and plastic
product in bottles.
selling the researchers’ product which is cheaper than the
conventional product but better in terms of such as durability and
quality.
Consumers. The consumers will be benefited from this product by
Government.
using The government
the researchers’ will be benefited
product in constructing their from this such
projects product
as
by
theirusing the researchers’ product in their projects such as public
houses.
classrooms, houses, and buildings.
Companies. The construction companies, in particular, will be
Futurefrom
benefited Researchers.
this productFuture researchers
in terms willresearchers’
of using the be benefited from
product
this study by using
in constructing the present
projects such as study as aand
buildings reference
houses.in their research.
Future researchers can use the present study to develop a better
version of the product using the current study summary, conclusions,
and recommendations.
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study was focused on creating a hollow block that is

made from Dalipay and plastic bottles. The setting of the study
was Sipocot National High School, Tara, Sipocot Camarines
Sur. There are 21 respondents in the researchers’ survey of
the product. This study is limited since it is experimental and
could have trials and errors. The researchers did not use any
expensive materials since Dalipay is found in riverbanks and
the plastic bottles used are wastes of beverage products.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Configuration.
Effectiveness.
Resistance.
The followingThe The
An
terms arrangement
degree
ability intothis
to resist.
used which
ofstudy
In elements
this something
study, in aterm
the
are hereby isparticular
produced
will be form,
the
used
conceptually
figure,
desired
by
andthe or
result
combination.
effectively.
researchers
operationally to This
defined. In These
this
measurestudy
study,
will this
the
terms be will
the
resistance
are asbe
basisthe
of for
follows. term
thedetermining
determiningif
researchers’
Dalipay
the extent
product and
in of plastic
the to
terms desired
bottles
fire, successfulness
water areandeffective
sound. of ingredients
the researchers’
in making product
hollow in
blocks. to the conventional product in terms of its physical properties
contrast
Dalipay.
Structure. A type
The of clay locally of
arrangement found
and inrelations
riverbanks in the the
between Philippines.
parts of
such as strength
Composition. and structure.
Thewill nature of In
something’s
In this
elements study, Dalipay
of something be used
complex. as
thisthe mainitingredients
study, ingredient,
is a term that and
along howwith
defines a
whole
plastic of the of
bottles
theDurability.
integrity mixture
in
The
the is made
innovating
ability up.product.
to hollow
researchers’ This
withstand study
wear, defines
blocks. pressure, the damage,
make-up or of the
to
mainThis
last. ingredients
study will ofbethe usedresearchers’
to test the product,
characternamely Dalipay and
of the researchers’
plastic bottles which
Polyethylene
product. composes of
Terephthalate. mineral rocks
Abbreviated as PET, andit polyethylene
is a type of
terephthalate
clear, strong, respectively.
lightweight, and 100% recyclable plastic and the main
Quality. The
component degree bottles
in plastic of excellence of something.
of beverages. In thisInstudy, this study,
it willthebe
term Innovation.
is to be used The to act of innovating
measure the something.
degree of the In
mainthisingredients
study, it is the
of
combined with Dalipay in creating the researchers’ product
term
the the researchers
researchers’ productare aimingof to
in terms by innovating
durability, size, and theresistance
conventional to
hollowfire,
water, blockandmade
sound. of sand by using Dalipay and plastic bottles instead
of sand.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides an introduction and a review of related literature

that are thought to be significant to the current study. The researchers'
clear understanding and ideas gained from this review gave them
valuable and worthwhile insights to go along with and support the
current investigation.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
According
According report toto
on the Md
the Saiful
presented
effects Islam,
of
paper limestone byMohammad
Go powder
Smart Asadul
Bricks
on the Haque,
(2022),
properties Hallow Md
A
As Based study
According
An
According
reported about
article onby the
to
entitled
toSiti “Insulation
the
theMorse, study
“Towards
article
Aishah Properties
president
Wahid, of
ofternary the of
and Bricks
10th
binders
Merriam-Webster’s
Sullyfaizura with
Canadian
publisher Waste
involving
MohdofRawi, Rubber
Masonry
limestone
Merriam-
Collegiate andof
and
Mahfuzur
Plastic”
concrete
Blocks
Symposium
additions” by
andbyRahman,
Asena
byDehui
Hollow
Banff,Karslioğlu,
Yuvaraj Md
Wang,
bricks
2005, Mahabubur
Eren
Caijun
made
hollow
Dhandapani, Balaban,
Shi,
ofclay Rahman
ClayNimaand is
masonry
Manu Mithu
Mehmet
Farzadnia,
now the
units.
Santhanam, International
İnanç ONUR
so-called
Zhenguo
Generally, new
Shi,
Gopakumar Journal
Journal
in age
and
the of
Webster’s
Encyclopedia
    ThisMd
Norlia This report Collegiate
literature
article
articleDesa
literature (2000)
isisis linked
is(2015),
related
related
is Encyclopedia
President
to the
related to
totocurrent
due the
to theand
to present
the (2010),
present Publisher:
current
study
plastic
current study
due
study cementation
study
does tobecause
study John
the
in
not M.
inamechanical
in terms
way it gives
decompose
terms isof
Morse
that of the
Nature
of Health
Huangfei
bricks, 1
This (2021)
this 6study
Jia (1),
study
study mentions
1-5
Construction
is tells
is (2018),
related that
related that
and traditional
Plastics
this
to building
tothe isbeen
the are bricks
eco-friendly
present used
materials
previous study are widely
(2018)
and
studyinmade nature
terms says
in of clay
everywhere
terms
ofthat
friendly.or cement.
limestone
durability
of in
theClay our
Kaladharan,
form
hardening
Related
off
limestone
properties
explaining of
        This hollow
information
biologically, and
Thisit literature,
literature
and
article
study
and
the
of
the claySivakumar
welding
itsis
is
limestone
effects
about
amountistiles,
related
related
cement
properties have
ofofof
plastic Ramanathan
clastic
tois
plastic
that to
the
the
andan
mentioned
plastic the
the as used
present
sediments
present
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how (2021)
aforementioned
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an causes
waste in in
study
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itingredientEurope
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waste
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mass.
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shrinkage,in
around the
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crushed
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formation
clay
integrity
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warmbottles
form and
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causes develop
and
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plastic of
of
used
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properties,
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Dalipay
years
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economic,
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as (clay)
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in brick
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bricks
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ofthe LS, enabling
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ages.
characteristics,
(SCMs).
and anyfrom
tested
Using
e-plastic of
cement a
plastic
are supplementary
In group
forgeneral,
specially
waste in economic
theof
waste.
compressive
packed
causes important
Roman
incorporating
with
cementing
significant
concerns,
era.
strength, hydrous
insulating LS,
materials
damage water and
aluminum
material.
as to changes
absorption,
a the
(SCMs) cement silicates.
Lightweight,
as and
paste
cement
environment
environment.
construction Plastics are contained many chemical and hazardous
methods.
Clays
efflorescence.
replacement
less
because
replacing provide
absorption
ofmaterials the
ofIt the
itsor difficult
in environment
shows
water,
is form
degradation
common that
eco-friendly
of fine anfor almost
appreciable
aggregate,
process.
practice material,in A the all plant
improves
and
reduction thermal
construction growth.
improvementinthe theinsulationThey
properties in the
compressive
industry are
are of
to
substances
concrete.
some such as Bisphenol A (BPA), thalates, antiminitroxide,
used
performance
strength
achieve inofas its
moreWhereas,
thesalient
pottery ofmaking;
durablebricks
percentage features.
when can
concrete LSBesides,
ofhowever,
be
plastic is
achieved
waste
and incorporated
clays
lessthey are
by
increases
CO2impart
used into
introducing
was aas
emissions better
concrete
building
observed. aesthetic
aassociated
crushed
The to replace
materials. view
type
reduction with
brominated
cement,
than the the
normal flame
effects retardants,
traditional of LS clay
on poly-fluorinated chemicals, etc. which are
in
Claythe
of plastic
producing compressive
bricks have into
waste
concrete strength
been sand
materials. of in construction since the earliest times. its
concrete
usedbricks. bricks.
the properties
mixes The hollow
with of
e-plasticconcrete
clay bricks
waste depend
are
aggregate safe on and
at 14
serious
particle
fire-resistant.
and 28 days. risk and
size factors content. for human health and the environment.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the research design to be used in the

research methodology, respondents of the study, research
instrument, research setting, data gathering procedure, and
statistical treatment.
Research
Data
Research
Sampling
Research Respondents
Gathering Procedure
Instrument
Technique
Design

TheThis study follows

respondents
sampling
instrument
researchers’ tofor
techniquebe
studya used
this step-by-step
study
to
uses be are
used theprocedure.
isexperimental designThe
is twenty-one
purposive
a researcher-made
researchers
(21)
underSTEM
sampling,
questionnaire administered
in12- J.research
which
qualitative AMATA atoquestionnaire
students
the researchers
checklist to gather comprising
thewill
create checklist
present
aneeded
variable 8 males
and
data tothe
ask
for
that the the
respondents.
and
the 13 females.
respondents
respondent’s
researchers Theto questionnaire
profile.
can These
fillThe
outdraft
manipulate, of checklist
students the will
a questionnaire
as well isfocusing
as completeto be that
questionnaire
variables scaled
the
isonfor
using bethecharacteristics
questionnaire
specific
the
can Dalipay four-point
andchecklist
measured Likert
Plastic
and of Rating
provided
Bottles
the
compared asbyScale.
researchers’
Hollow
since The
the researchers.
Block, checklist
it product thatwill
where
determines in
be
are
terms
the ofprovided
interest with
of acceptability,
level to questions
the respondent
of acceptability regarding
effectiveness,
sinceand
and effectiveness the
thiscomparison levelisofof
technique
of Dalipay
acceptability,
more
the
andcommercial
accessible
plastic effectiveness,
product
and
bottles as convenient and
on Dalipay
hollow forand
blocks. comparison
the researchers.
Plastic Bottles of as the
commercial
hollow blocks, product to the researchers’
three indicators product with the
were cited respectively.
corresponding scale based on the evaluation of the
respondents.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
A. Materials
The materials to be used in developing the study product are reflected in table 1.
The materials are as follows:
Table 1
Materials used in the study
Materials Quantity Use/s
It will be used as the main
ingredient of the product.
900 grams
Dalipay
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Table 1
Materials used in the study
Materials
Materials Quantity
Quantity Use/s
Use/s
It
It will
The
Thiswill serve
be
water
serves
will
will add
abe
as
serve as
will
as aatotemplate
be
aused rebar
strength
tool used
container
to to
measure
bindto add
the
forthe
crush for
strength
product.
the
the weight
mix water
materials totogether.
Dalipay
mixture the
toof
the limestone
be
into
to product.
the
be materials.
and the
stored.
smaller
shaped.
50.6
11grams
250
185 piece
grams
liter
piece Dalipay.
pieces.

Cogon
Triple BeamGrass
Gypsum
WaterBalance
Beaker
Hammer
Chalk
Mold

It
This be used
willhelps
serve
will as
bewith to
used
as mix
apowdering
aas the
container
to acut
grind the
up
ingredients.
for the
container
plastic
chalkmixing
forby
bottles.
replacement
the
ingredientsinto forof
fine the
collecting
sand.
powder.
separating the
the
ingredients
Dalipay andtoasoccur.
large fragments afrom
platform
the
161piece
75 piece
grams
pair for crushing
smaller ones.the Dalipay.
Spoon
Bowl
Sack
Scissor
Mortar
Plastic
and
Botlte
pestle
Strainer
 PROCEDURE
1. Collect all the materials needed.
9. In a the
2. Dry large bowl, put
Dalipay first all the
by exposing drythe
it to ingredients
Sun. and mix them thoroughly
using a spoon.
3. Refine the Dalipay on a sack using a hammer and a strainer.
10. After
4. Cut themixing, add theinto
plastic bottles water to the
small mixture until all the dry ingredients
strips.
are wet. a scissor, acquire cogon grass by cutting it and dry it in the Sun
5. Using
11.until
Place the mixture
it becomes dryinto a mold and pound the mixture into the mold.
12. Detach
6. Strip the the mold
cogon frominto
grass thethin
mixture
stripsand
andexposed
cut it toit an
under the sun
average for five
length of 5
to cm.
seven days.
7. Measure 600ml of water into a beaker.
8. Using a weighing scale, weigh 900g of crushed Dalipay, 75g of small cut
plastic bottles, 185g of limestone powder (crushed chalk), 250 grams of
gypsum, and 10g of cogon grass.
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The questions under investigation were treated by using the statistical
treatment, frequency count, and weighted average.
The data to be gathered will be analyzed using the following statistical
tools:
The weighted mean and the final average number will be used to reflect the
relative importance of each data and thus be more descriptive than a simple
average.
Frequency count will be made of used to determine the number of time/s
that the respondents’ observation occurred in the study. It is a tabular
representation of a survey data set to be utilized for organizing and
summarizing the data.
Thank You for listening