Thermal Energy and Heat

HEAT VS. TEMPERATURE

• Heat is a form of energy which travels
from one object to another. Heat energy
travels from the object of a higher
temperature to the object at a lower
temperature. Its unit is in Joules (J)
• Temperature is a measure of the degree
of hotness or coldness of a body. Its unit is
in degree Celsius, Fahrenheit or Kelvin.
 HEAT VS. TEMPERATURE
• Heat is the total energy of the motion of
molecules inside the objects or particle,
whereas Temperature is merely a
measure of this energy. The relationship
could be the more heated an object is, the
higher the temperature the object will
have.
Thermal Energy
Temperature & Heat
Temperature is a measure of the average
kinetic energy of the individual particles in
a substance.
 A. Temperature
1. Temperature
– is measured with a
thermometer and
can be measured
in Kelvin, Celsius,
and Fahrenheit
Absolute zero-
temperature at
which particles
stop moving 0oK
 2. Temperature Conversions
F= 1.8C + 32

C= (F-32)/1.8
3. SI unit for temp. is the Kelvin
a. K = C + 273 (10C = 283K)
b. C = K – 273 (10K = -263C)
B. Thermal Energy –
the total of all the kinetic
and potential energy of
all the particles in a
substance.
1. Thermal energy relationships
a. Depends on temperature, mass, and type of
substance
b. As temperature increases, so does thermal
energy (because the kinetic energy of the
particles increased).
c. Even if the temperature doesn’t change, the
thermal energy in a more massive substance is
higher (because it is a total measure of
energy).
• Which beaker of water has more
thermal energy?
– B - same temperature, more mass

80ºC 80ºC

A B
400 mL

200 mL
 HEAT TRANSFER
• Heat transfer is normally from a high
temperature object to a lower temperature
object.
• 3 Types of Heat Transfer
– A. CONDUCTION- heat transfer occurs
between objects by direct contact.
– Ex. Spoon in a cup of coffee, ironing clothes,
frying pan and stove.
 HEAT TRANSFER
B. CONVECTION- is the movement of
heat by actual motion of matter. A form of
heat transfer in which energy transition occurs
within the fluid.
ex. Sea breeze/land breeze, boiling
water, blood circulation, hot air baloon,
refrigerator
C. RADIATION- is the transfer of energy
with the help of electromagnetic waves.
 HEAT TRANSFER
C. RADIATION- is the transfer of energy
with the help of electromagnetic waves.
Ex. Microwave, heat or light from the sun,
X-rays, and gamma rays, heat from a stove,
sound waves from stereo, EM radiation from
cellphone
 Cup gets cooler while
2. Heat
hand gets warmer
a. The flow of
thermal energy from
one object to another.

b. Heat always
flows from warmer to
cooler objects.
Ice gets warmer
while hand gets
cooler
 C. Heat Transfer
1.Specific Heat (Cp)
– amount of energy
required to raise the
temp. of 1 kg of
material by 1 degree
Kelvin
– units: J/(kg·K)
or J/(kg·°C)
 Heat Transfer
• Which sample will take
longer to heat to
100°C?

50 g Al 50 g Cu

• Al - It has a higher specific heat.

• Al will also take longer to cool down.
 Heat Transfer

Q = m  T  Cp
Q: heat (J)
m: mass (kg)
T: change in temperature (K or °C)
Cp : specific heat (J/kg·K)

– Q = heat loss
T = Tf - Ti + Q = heat gain
Specific Heat
2. Some things heat up or cool down
faster than others.

Land heats up and cools down faster than water

 b. Specific heat is the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
material by one degree (C or K).
1) C water = 4184 J / kg C
2) C sand = 664 J / kg C

This is why land heats up quickly

during the day and cools quickly at
night and why water takes longer.
 Why does water have such a
high specific heat?

water metal

Water molecules form strong bonds with

each other; therefore it takes more heat
energy to break them. Metals have weak
bonds and do not need as much energy to
break them.
 Heat Transfer
 A 32-g silver spoon cools from 60°C to 20°C.
How much heat is lost by the spoon?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 32 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 60°C m = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Tf = 20°C T = 20°C - 60°C = – 40°C
Q=? Q = (0.032kg)(-40°C)(235J/kg·K)
Cp = 235 J/kg·K Q = – 301 J
 Heat Transfer
 How much heat is required to warm 230 g
of water from 12°C to 90°C?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 230 g Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = 12°C m = 230 g = 0.23 kg
Tf = 90°C T = 90°C - 12°C = 78°C
Q=? Q = (0.23kg)(78°C)(4184 J/kg·K)
Cp= 4184 J/kg·K Q = 75,061 J
6.2 The Transfer of Heat
 A. How is heat transferred?
 What type of HEAT TRANSFER is occurring in the
pictures? Conduction, convection or radiation?
CONDUCTION –
The transfer of thermal energy with no transfer of matter.
HEAT TRANSFER
 What type of HEAT TRANSFER is occurring in the
pictures? Conduction, convection or radiation?
CONVECTION –
The transfer of thermal energy when particles of a liquid
or gas move from one place to another
HEAT TRANSFER

CONVECTION – in the earth and sun

The circular flow of hot and cold creates convection
currents
HEAT TRANSFER
 What type of HEAT TRANSFER is occurring in the
pictures? Conduction, convection or radiation?
RADIATION –
The transfer of thermal energy by waves moving through
space. ALL OBJECTS radiate energy!
 B. Conductors and Insulators

Materials are either conductors or insulators.

A conductor transfers thermal energy
Ex:metals-silver and steel, tile floors takes heat
away from your
An insulator does not transfer thermal energy well.
Ex: wood, wool, straw, paper
 THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER: Journal

1. Define Convection, Conduction and Radiation

2. Give an example of each.
3. Write a sentence describing how each is
important to our everyday lives.
4. How do we use heat in our everyday lives?
 KEY CONCEPTS
• Heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and
radiation.
• In conduction, heat energy travels when two objects at
different temperatures are in direct contact with each
other.
• In convection, the heat in fluids is transferred to cooler
regions by currents.
• In radiation, heat energy travels as electromagnetic
waves in the same manner and speed as light. Radiation
can transfer heat from a source to another object even if
there is an empty space between them.
Quiz. Choose the letter of the best answer.
 
1.What do you call the movement of heat from one substance or object to another?
A. Heat transfer C. Heat wave B. Heat energy D. Specific heat
2. Which of the following is NOT true about heat and temperature?
•Heat is a form of energy while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy.
• Heat and temperature are both forms of thermal energy.
• Temperature indicates the direction of heat flow while heat is the actual energy
transferred.
•D. Heat is the total energy of the motion of the molecules inside the object or particle
while temperature is a measure of this energy
3. Which of the following can be measured with a thermometer?
A. heat C. temperature B. radiation D. all of these
4. Heat is the transfer of _____________ between substances of different temperatures.
A. energy C. atoms B. molecules D. cells
5. As more heat is added to a sample of boiling water in a stove, its temperature
________. A. decreases C. remains the same B. increases D. increase then decrease