ANALYTICAL

CHEMISTRY-ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY
• Lecture 1 contents
The nature of analytical chemistry.\
•\]
• Qualitative and quantitative analysis.
• Sensitivity of analysis.
• Solution.  
• Electrolytes.
• Solubility rules.
 Analytical Chemistry

Quantitative Analysis Qualitative Analysis

Gravimetric Analysis Instrumental Analysis

Volumetric Analysis
It is a Measurements science consisting of a set of
powerful ideas and methods that are useful in all
field of science and medicine.
 Qualitative Analysis (identification)

Provides information about the elements and

compounds in a sample.
“Identifying what is in unknown”
Quantitative Analysis

provides information about the amount of each

substance in a sample .
“Identifying how much is present”
Qualitative analysis is what.
Quantitative analysis is how much.

©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)

 Analyets
Substances being measured

Species
Any chemical of interest in the analysis
 Sensitivity of analysis

Trace analysis = 1-1000 ppm or 0.0001-0.1 wt.%

Ultrtrace analysis = < 1ppm or 0.0001 wt.%

Macro- = >1mg
Micro- = < 1 mg
 The Role of Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry plays a vital role in the development

of science.

Plays a vital role in many research areas in chemistry,

biochemistry, biology, geology, physics and the other
sciences.

All branches of chemistry draw on the ideas and

techniques of analytical chemistry.
 Where is Analytical Chemistry used?
1- Clinical laboratories.
2- Forensic laboratories.
3-Environmental laboratories.
4- Manufacturing /industry
5- Research.
6- Others.
Analytical chemistry and other branches of sciences
Steps in chemical analysis
 Steps in chemical analysis

1- Formulating the question.

2- Selecting the analytical procedure.

 Steps in chemical analysis

3- Sampling

Sampling: selecting representative material to analyze

 Steps in chemical analysis

• 3- Sample preparation
 Steps in chemical analysis

3- Analysis

4- Interpretation and reporting

5- Drawing conclusions
 Sample preparation
1- sample storage(e.g. temperature, moisture)

2- Grinding ,extracting analyte ,etc

 Sample preparation
3- Dissolving sample, dispersing analyte)

4- Concentrating analyte.
 Sample preparation

5- Eliminate interfering/ “mask” species (drying ,

ingnition ,isolation).
 Types of Analysis

• Gravimetric Methods:
Measure the mass of the analyte or some compound
chemically related to it.

• Volumetric Methods:
Measure the volume of a solution containing sufficient
reagent to react completely with the analyte .
 Quantitative Analytical Methods
Spectroscopic Methods:
measurement based on interaction between
electromagnetic radiation and analyte .
Mass spectrometry
Measure of mass to charge ratio (m/z) of analyte.
Electroanalytical Methods:
measure of electrical properties such as voltage, current,
resistance and quantity of electrical charge.
Others :
Radioactive decay, heat of reaction, optical activity,
refractive index, rate of reaction
 Measurements

SI Units (International System of Units)

 Measurements

Prefixes used with SI Units

 Mass /amount of substance

Mass kilogram (kg) gram (g)

Amount of substances moles (mol)

1 mole = 6.022×1023 particles (e.g. atoms, molecules, ions) .

Atomic mass = number of grams containing  Avogadro's

number (6.022×1023 ) of atoms

Molecular mass = number of grams containing Avogadro's

number (6.022×1023 ) of molecules; sum of atomic masses of
elements in a molecule
 Solution

solution
Solution : A homogenous
mixture of two or more solute
substances, the solute and
the solvent.
A solute is what dissolves or
disappears, like salt or sugar.
A solvent is what does the
dissolving.

solvent
 Examples

• Example: Salt water

Salt
– What is the solute?______
water
– What is the solvent?___________

• Example – 70% ethanol solution.

Water
– Solute _______________
ethanol
– Solvent________________
– Why? If 70% is ethanol, then it must be the solvent. The
remaining 30% is water, the solute.
 Solution
-Solutions can be electrolytes or non- electrolytes .
 Solution

Some non-electrolytes can also dissolve in water

 Solution

• e.g. NaCl salt

 Electrolyte
Electrolytes: A substance that dissociates into ions in
aqueous solution and conduct electricity.
Like dissolves like
Making solutions