

ACTIVITY 1
MARY-

TEST

Directions: Help Mary end disinformation in their community.

Tell whether the gossips of her neighbors about hypothesis
testing is a Fact or Fake.
  FACT

Type I error is committed when rejecting the

null hypothesis when in fact the null
hypothesis is true.
3.Alternative hypothesis is
denoted by . 

FAKE
 FAKE


The final conclusion once the test has been carried

out is always given in terms of the alternative
hypothesis.
Hypothesis is a procedure in making decisions based on a

sample evidence or probability theory used to determine
whether the hypothesis accepted or rejected.
FACT
  FACT

The hypotheses are often statements about

population parameters like expected value and
variance.
 Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a procedure in making
decisions based on a sample evidence or
probability theory used to determine whether
the hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
A statistical hypothesis is an assumption
about a population parameter. This
assumption may or may not be true.
 Setting up and testing hypotheses is an essential part of
statistical inference. In order to formulate such a test,
usually some theory has been put forward, either
because it is believed to be true or because it is to be
used as a basis for argument, but has not been proved,
for example, claiming that a new drug is better than the
current drug for treatment of the same symptoms.
 In each problem considered, the question of interest is
simplified into two competing claims/hypotheses
between which we have a choice; the null hypothesis,
denoted by , against the alternative hypothesis, denoted
by . These two competing claims/hypotheses are not
however treated on an equal basis, special consideration
is given to the null hypothesis. We have two common
situations:
1. The experiment has been carried out in an attempt
to disprove or reject a particular hypothesis, the
null hypothesis, thus we give that one priority so it
cannot be rejected unless the evidence against it is
sufficiently strong. For example, : there is no
difference in taste between coke and diet coke
against : there is a difference.
2. If one of the two hypotheses is 'simpler', we give it
priority so that a more 'complicated' theory is not
adopted unless there is sufficient evidence against
the simpler one. For example, it is 'simpler' to claim
that there is no difference in flavor between coke
and diet coke than it is to say that there is a
difference.
The hypotheses are often statements about
population parameters like expected value
and variance. For instance, might be that the
expected value of the height of ten year old
boys in the population is not different from
that of ten year old girls. A hypothesis might
also be a statement about the distributional
form of a characteristic of interest. For
example, the height of ten year old boys is
normally distributed within the Filipino
population.
The outcome of a hypothesis test is 'reject ' or
'do not reject '.
 Kinds of Hypotheses

1. Null Hypothesis
 The null hypothesis, , represents a theory that has
been put forward, either because it is believed to be
true or because it is to be used as a basis for
argument, but has not been proved. For example, in
a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis
might be that the new drug is no better, on average,
than the current drug. We would write : There is no
significant difference between the two drugs on
average.
 Kinds of Hypotheses

 We give special consideration to the null hypothesis.
This is due to the fact that the null hypothesis relates
to the statement being tested, whereas the alternative
hypothesis relates to the statement to be accepted
if/when the null is rejected.
 The final conclusion once the test has been carried
out is always given in terms of the null hypothesis.
We either 'reject in favor of ' or 'do not reject '; we
never conclude 'reject ', or even 'accept '.
 Kinds of Hypotheses

If we conclude 'do not reject ', this does
not necessarily mean that the null
hypothesis is true, it only suggests that
there is not sufficient evidence against
in favor of ; rejecting the null
hypothesis then, suggests that the
alternative hypothesis may be true.
 It is denoted by Ho.
 It is the statement being tested.
 It represents what the experiments doubts to be true


 It contains the condition of equality, written with the
symbol, “=”, which means no difference or no
relationship/association between variables

 It uses the words/phrases

=equal to
=the same as
=not changed from
=is
 Kinds of Hypotheses

2. Alternative Hypothesis
 The alternative hypothesis, , is a statement of what a
statistical hypothesis test is set up to establish. For
example, in a clinical trial of a new drug, the alternative
hypothesis might be that the new drug has a different
effect, on average, compared to that of the current drug.
We would write : the two drugs have different effects, on
average. The alternative hypothesis might also be that the
new drug is better, on average, than the current drug. In
this case we would write : The new drug is better than the
current drug, on average.
 It is denoted by Ha or H1.
 It is the statement that must be true if the null
hypothesis is false.

 It is the statement that the experimenter believes to
be true and wishes to prove it
 It is the hypothesis with a difference or with a
relationship between variables.

 It uses the words/phrases

=not equal
=different from
=not the same as
=greater than
=less than
Examples
1. The Dean of the College of Teacher Education wants to


know if there is a significant difference in the performance
of CSU – SM graduates in the September licensure
examination and March licensure examination for
professional teachers.
Ho: μ1 = μ2; Ha: μ1 ≠ u2

Ho: There is no significant difference in the performance of

CSU – SM graduates in the September licensure examination
and March licensure examination for professional teachers.

Ha: There is a significant difference in the performance of CSU

– SM graduates in the September licensure examination and
March licensure examination for professional teachers.
 Null vs. Alternative Hypothesis
Directions: Express the following
hypothesis into null or alternative form of

hypothesis:

 1. 𝐻𝑎: There is a significant difference between the

effects of Drug A and B.
 2. 𝐻0: The girls performed equally well as boys in
English.
 3. 𝐻𝑎: The effects of chemicals on ropes A, B, and C
were significant.
 4. 𝐻0: There is no significant relationship between
habits and academic performance of students.
 Types of Errors

 Error is one of the many things man is afraid to
commit. Even in a real life situation, we would
hardly come out with a decision immediately
because of our fear to commit an error. The same is
true hypothesis testing, there is also a possibility of
committing an error in deciding whether to accept or
reject the hypothesis. This is because partial
information obtained from the sample is used to
draw conclusion about the entire population.
 Types of Errors

 In hypothesis testing, four outcomes are possible; two of
which lead to incorrect decisions. The four possible outcomes
are described in the table below.
  FACT
DECISION is TRUE is FALSE

Do not reject Correct decision Type II error

Reject Type I error Correct decision
 Based from table, incorrect decisions occur if either a true
null hypothesis is rejected or false null hypothesis is
accepted. The first incorrect decision is called Type I error
and the second is a Type II error.
Definition of Type I and Type II
Errors

Type I error: Rejecting the null
hypothesis when in fact the null
hypothesis is true.
Type II error: Not rejecting the
null hypothesis when in fact the
null hypothesis is false.
 1. In reality the respondent did not commit any crime
and the decision of the court is he/she will be
acquitted (that is a correct decision).


 2. In reality the respondent did not commit any crime
but the decision of the court is he/she will not be
acquitted (that is an error/ a wrong decision). The
error here corresponds to type I error.
 3. In reality the respondent committed a crime and the
decision of the court is he/she will not be acquitted
because he/she is guilty (that is a correct decision).
 4. In reality the respondent committed a crime but the
decision of the court is he/she will be acquitted
because he/she is not guilty (that is an error/ a wrong
decision). The error here corresponds to type II error
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