Activity 4 Group 3 10-Rizal

Let’s
“
Compare”
Evidence from
Embryonic
Development
 Compare the sequence of amino
acids in the cytochrome C of the
01 different vertebrates
Solving the following tables

Infer about the evolutionary relationships of

the organisms from the differences in amino
acid sequence.
02
Answering the guide questions

Evidence from Embryonic

03 Development
Relating the activity 4 answers to this
particular evidence of evolution.
 01
Compare the sequence of amino
acids in the cytochrome C of the
different vertebrates
Let’s compare these
following tables
Table 1
Table 2
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
Human
THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU
Chimpanzee
THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU
Gorilla
THR LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU
Rhesus Monkey
GLN LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU
Horse
ALA LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU
Kangaroo
LYS LEU SER GLU LEU HIS CYS ASP LYS LEU
Table 3
97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Human
HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU
Chimpanzee
HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU
Gorilla
HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU
Rhesus Monkey
HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU
Horse
HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU ASN PHE ARG LEU LEU
Kangaroo
HIS VAL ASP PRO GLU ASN PHE LYS LEU LEU
Table 4
107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
Human
GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HIS
Chimpanzee
GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HIS
Gorilla
GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HIS
Rhesus Monkey
GLY ASN VAL LEU VAL CYS VAL LEU ALA HIS
Horse
GLY ASN VAL LEU ALA LEU VAL VAL ALA ARG
Kangaroo
GLY ASN ILE ILE VAL ILE CYS LEU ALA GLU
 Table 5
Number of amino
Organism
acid differences
Human and
Chimpanzee 0
Human and
Gorilla 1
Human and
Rhesus Monkey 2
Human and horse 5
Human and
Kangaroo 7
Table 1
Table
6&7
 Guide Questions
Q15. Based on the activity, which organism is closely
related to humans?
The chimpanzee is the organism that is closely related to humans.

Q16. Which organism is least related to humans?

The kangaroo is the organisms that is least related to humans.

Q17. What organism appears to be least related to humans?

The human-red bread mold organism appeared to be the least
related to humans.
Guide Questions
Q18. In tables 6 and 7, which pair of organisms appear to be more
related to each other? Which pair of organisms is the least related
to each other? Why did you say so?
The human-chimpanzee is the pair of organisms that is more related
to each other. Because the number of differences of their amino acid
is zero (0). While the human-red bread mold is the pair of organisms
that is the least related to each other. Because the number of
differences in their amino acid is forthy-eight (48).
Guide Questions
Q19. If the amino acid sequence of the two organisms are similar,
would their DNA be also similar? Why?

Yes, if the amino acid sequence of two organisms is similar, then

their DNA would also be similar because the sequence of DNA
determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Therefore, a
similar amino acid sequence indicates a similar DNA sequence, with
minor variations due to genetic mutations or evolutionary divergence
over time.
 Guide Questions
Q20. Do you think the chimpanzee, gorilla, and humans have a
common ancestry? Explain your answer.

Yes, the chimpanzee, gorilla, and humans have a common ancestry

based on their similarity in amino acid sequence.

For example, the human and chimpanzee genomes are more than 98% identical, and the
amino acid sequences of many proteins are also very similar. The fact that humans,
chimpanzees, and gorillas share so many similarities in their DNA and protein sequences
strongly suggests that they have a common ancestor.
Guide Questions
Q20. Do you think the chimpanzee, gorilla, and humans have a
common ancestry? Explain your answer.

Yes, the chimpanzee, gorilla, and humans have a common ancestry

based on their similarity in amino acid sequence.

The organisms which are similar in structure and also possess similar at the biochemical level
could probably have a common ancestor.
Evidence from Embryonic
Development
 Evidence from Embryonic Development
Embryonic development is another line of evidence for evolution and common
ancestry. Embryos of different species often show striking similarities in their early
stages of development, suggesting that they share a common ancestor.

1. Similarities in early development: The embryos of different species often look

similar in their early stages of development.
2. Developmental homologies: Some structures in embryos look different in
different species, but their underlying developmental processes are similar.
3. Vestigial structures: Some structures in embryos develop but then disappear
before birth or hatching. These structures are often remnants of structures that
were functional in ancestral species but are no longer needed in the current
species.
 Evidence from Embryonic Development
Scientists proclaimed that "ontogeny summarizes phylogeny."

Simply means that this theory proposes that if a certain organism

undergoes its embryonic development (ontogeny), it duplicates
(recapitulates) the stages in its evolutionary history (phylogeny).
Evidence from
Embryonic
Development
These resemblances
can be traced to the
conservative nature of
embryology: small
changes on the early
development can have
severe significances in
advanced phases
concluded a "domino"
effect.
 Evidence from Embryonic Development
There is a connection between evidence from embryonic development and
the sequence of amino acids. During embryonic development, genes are
expressed and proteins are synthesized in a highly regulated manner, which plays
a crucial role in determining the final form of the organism. The sequence of
amino acids in a protein is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA
that codes for that protein.

The similarities in embryonic development among different species suggest

that they share common genetic programs that regulate their development. These
genetic programs are controlled by genes that are often highly conserved across
species, meaning that they have changed little over evolutionary time.
 Evidence from Embryonic Development
The similarities in the genetic programs that control embryonic
development often translate into similarities in the amino acid sequences of the
proteins that are involved in development.

The similarities in embryonic development among different species provide

evidence for common ancestry and evolution. The conserved genetic programs
and protein sequences that are involved in embryonic development suggest that
organisms share a common genetic heritage and have evolved over time through
changes in their DNA sequences.
Thank you
for
listening
Members:
Andrae Angelo Alarcio
Aniezka Kryssa Calvario
Clyde Vincent Arriega
Felix Felices
Jhon Patrick Clavo
Kizha Ellysa Espino
Macris Chuck Andrei Rustia