Practical Research 2

( NATURE OF INQUIRY AND

RESEARCH)

CHAPTER – 1
 Research
“cerhier” seek

“re” to repeat
 ACADEMIC RESEARCH

- A form of research which is more

disciplined in its methodology and
more scientific in its procedure
 What is a Qualitative Research?
• It is primarily an exploratory research.
• It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons,
opinions, and motivation it provides insights into the
problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for
potential quantitative research.
• No instrument used, no hypothesis, questions are made
instantly or an informal conversation.
 What is Quantitative Research?
• Is an objective, systematic empirical investigation of
observable phenomena through the use of
computational techniques.
• It highlights numerical analysis of data. Simply,
quantitative research is concerned with numbers
and its relationship with events.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• OBJECTIVE
- Quantitative Research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of
target concepts. It is not based on mere institutions and guesses. Data are
gathered before proposing a conclusion or a solution to a problem.
• CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- In quantitative research, the researchers know in advance what they are
looking for. The researcher questions are well-defined for which objective
answers are sought. All aspects of study are carefully designed before data
are gathered.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
- Data are normally gathered using structured research tools such as
questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population like
age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others.
• NUMERICAL DATA
• - Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and
presented using tables, charts, graphs and figures that consolidate large
numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or difference among
variables.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• LARGE SAMPLE SIZES
- To arrive at a more reliable analysis, a normal population distribution
curve is preferred. This requires a large sample size, depending on how the
characteristics of the population varied. (The more the larger the sample is,
the more reliable is the result)
• REPLICATION
- Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify or confirm the
correctness of the results in another setting. This strengthens the validity of
the findings thus eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• FUTURE OUTCOMES
- By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid
of computers, if-then scenarios maybe formulated thus predicting
futures results.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• It is objective
• The use of statistical techniques facilitates analyses
and allows you to comprehend a huge amount of
vital characteristics of data
• The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and
easy way.
• Quantitative studies are replicable.
 WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• It requires a large number of respondents.
• It is costly.
• The information contextual factors to help
interpret the results or to explain variations
are usually ignored.
 WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Many information are difficult to gather using

structured research instruments.
• If not done seriously and correctly, data from
questionnaires may be incomplete and
inaccurate.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Non - experimental Experimenta
1. Descriptive Research l
1. Pre-experimental
2. Correlational Research 2. Quasi-
experimental
3. Evaluation Research 3. True Experimental
4. Survey Research
5. Causal-Comparative Research
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Non - Experimental Experimental

Descriptive Quasi-Experimental
Correlational True Experimental
Box the Independent Variable and
encircle the Dependent Variable
Box the Independent Variable and
encircle the Dependent Variable
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
 WRITING CHAPTER 1

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
• THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• HYPOTHESIS
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
DESCRIBING BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An overview of the research study and explains
why you, as a researcher, are doing the study.
The researcher gives the necessary
rationale/background and answers the question
of why the study is conducted.
Possible Steps In Writing the Background of
the Study

1. Remember to use the three parts approach

2. Part 1: Opening/Intro

a. Begin with a catchy note to trigger interest – Find something about

your topic.
b. Look at the title. What is the main topic? Find something that can
interes people about the topic.
3. Part 2: Problem exposition
Indicate the problematic situation - the main
reason of pursuing the study
4. Part 3. Conclusion for doing the research
Answer the question why the study is conducted
and connect this thought to part 2, the problem.
 Statement of the Problem
• This is the basic difficulty, the issue, the area of
concern, the circumstances which exist, then how
they ought to be.
• Answer the following questions:
• What are the reasons for this circumstance?
• Is it answerable or possible to be solved or changed?
• What are the specific problems that the study aims to
answer?
 2 Main Elements of SOP

1. The general objective

2. The specific research questions
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Scope – the coverage of the study
- specifies what is covered in the terms of concept, number of
subjects or the population included in the study, as well as the
timeline when the study was conducted
Delimit – factors or variables that are not to be included in the study
- specify that which you will not deal within the study
.
Includes:
1. What – the topic of investigation and the variables included
2. Where – The venue or the setting of the research
3. When – the time frame by which the study was conducted
4. Why – the general objectives of the research
5. Who – the subject of the study, the population and sampling
6. How – The methodology of the research which may include
the research design, methodology and the research instrument
 Significance of the Study
- The researcher defines who will benefit out of the findings of the study

Example:
Students. As recipients of the study, they will be aware
of the importance of the program. It will also give them
awareness that the program is offered not only for
working students but also to students who cannot attend
regular classes.
 Definition of Terms

• The operational definition is applied

• All the entries are arranged alphabetically,
indented and bold.
 Hypothesis
According to Prieto, Naval & Carey (2017),
•a specific proposition which is presented for testing through research
•a statement expressing the relation between two or more measurable
variables.
•a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be
tested by further investigation
•A testable statement that reflects the aims of your study
 Characteristics of a Hypothesis
• Testable
• Logical
• Directly related to the research problem
• Represents a simple unit or subject of the problem
• Factually or theoretically based
• States relationships between variables
• Stated in such a form that it can be accepted or rejected