MACHINE DESIGN ME-305

• Mechanical Engineering Design by Shigley 8th or

9th edition, McGraw Hill (S)

• Reference Book(s):Machine Design by R. S.

Khurmi and J. K. Gupta, 14th edition.

• Theory of Machine by R. S. Khurmi and J. K.

Gupta, 14th
Course Contents:
• Design of Machine Elements Shafts and Columns;
Shaft Types and Materials; Design of Shafts under Normal and Combined Loading; Static, Cyclic and Shock Loads;
Torsional stiffness; Critical speeds; Shaft Materials Introduction to Flexible shafting;Column; Types of End
Conditions; Euler’s Column Theory; Connecting Rods and Crank Shafts.

• Bearing;
Bearing types and Materials, Friction and Wear, Theory and Application of Lubrication and its Methods; Details design
of Journal bearing and Thrust bearings, Rolling Contact Bearings, Bearing life, Bearing Load, Bearing Survival, The
Reliability Goal, Selection of Ball and Straight Roller Bearings, Spherical and Tapered roller bearings; Selection of
Tapered Roller Bearing.

• Plates and Shells;

Introduction to the Design of Pressure Vessels, Thin and Thick Pressure vessels, Stresses in Thin and Thick Pressure
Vessel, Compound Cylinders, Stresses in Compound Cylinders, Design of Plates, ASME Codes, Petro-Chemical
piping systems; Design of rings and wheels
 
• Gear Design
General gear theory; Design o the Spur gear;, The Lewis formula, the AGMA Stress Formula, The AGMA Strength
Formula, Design of any one of the following types of gears; Helical, Worm, Bevel, gear; Gear Trains.

• Application of Industrial Codes

Introduction to Industrial Design Codes. Application of at least one Design standards i.e. ASME, BS, ANSI, JIS, DIN,
and ISO in the design of Machine Elements and Assemblies.
 
• Elements of Micro Electro- Mechanical System(MEMS)
MEMS manufacturing; Lithography, Etching, Micromachining; MEMS Devices; Sensors; Actuators; Springs and Fluid
Flow devices.
• bearings are one of the most commonly used
machine parts because their rolling
motion make almost all movements easier and
they help reduce friction.
• Bearings have two key functions:
• They transfer motion, i.e. they support and
guide components which turn relative to one
another
• They transmit forces
• Components
• Bearings usually consist of the following
components:
• Two rings with raceways
• Rolling elements in the form
of rollers or balls
• A cage which keeps the rolling elements apart
and guides them
• 1. Inner Ring:
The Inner Ring is the smaller of the two bearing rings.
Inner ring has a groove on its outer diameter to form a
pathway for the balls. The surface of outside diameter
path is finished to extremely tight tolerances and is
honed to a very smooth. The inner ring is mounted on
the shaft and it is the rotating element.
• 2. Outer Ring:
Outer Ring is the larger of the two bearing rings. On
outer ring there is a groove on its inside diameter to
form a pathway for the balls. Outer ring surface also
has the same high precision finish of the inner ring.
The outer ring is usually held stationery.
• 3. Balls:
Balls of a bearing are the rolling elements that separate the inner ring and
outer ring and permit the bearing to rotate with minimal friction. The radius
of the ball is made slightly smaller than the grooved ball track on the inner
and outer rings. This makes the balls to contact the rings at a single point.
Ball dimensions are controlled to very high accuracy. Ball roundness,
surface finish and size variations are important attributes. These attributes
are controlled to a micro inch level.
• 4. Cage (Retainer):
The purpose of the cage in ball bearing is to separate the balls, maintaining
constant spacing between the inner and outer rings, to accurately guide the
balls in the path during rotation and to prevent the balls of bearing from
falling out
Lubrication:
• The lubricant is an integral part of a bearing’s standard components.
Lubrication is added to reduce friction losses in bearing between inner
and outer rings.
• Seals and shields are both in place to
keep contaminants out of a bearing. In
order of effectiveness, the enclosures that
are offered are as follows: metal shields,
rubber non-contact seals, Teflon non-
contact seals, and rubber contact seals.
TYPES

• ‘Z’ Type Shield – The ‘Z’ type shield is a metal shield that typically is
non-removable after installation as is it pressed in. There is a small gap
about .005 inches between the shield and inner race.

• ‘RS’ Type Seal – The ‘RS’ type seal is a rubber seal that makes contact
with the inner race. Most commonly made of Buna-rubber. They are
removable. They offer the best sealing against contamination and
lubricant leakage.

• ‘V’ Type Seal – The ‘V” type seal is a non-contact type rubber seal that
does not contact the inner  race, but rides in groove machined in the inner
races creating a labyrinth effect. Its performance falls between a metal
shield and contact type rubber seal.  Most commonly made of Buna-
rubber. They are removable.
• ‘T’ Type Seal – The ‘T’ type seal is made of glass reinforced Teflon. This
type of seal is removable and easily replaced.
• Selection of bearing materials
• There are no ideal bearing materials – they can be made of plastics,
metals or composite materials depending on the type of bearing,
application, speed, load and operating conditions.
• It is critical to consider that bearing material is merely one detail in the
process of bearing selection, and even the costliest bearings cannot
assure a successful performance if other design principles are ignored
• the characteristics to be considered during material selection are
• Corrosion resistance
• Fatigue resistance
• Porosity
• Friction coefficient
• Thermal expansion coefficient
• Thermal conductivity
• Compressive strength
• Cost
Bearing with shaft
Bearings with shaft
Bearing with housing and shaft
Different types of bearings
Type of bearing Application Example

Ball bearings Light thrust and radial load Computer fans

Roller bearings Heavy radial load Conveyor belt rollers

Large thrust and large radial

Tapered roller bearings Car hubs
load
Bearing loads
• Bearings typically encounter two kinds of load:
radial and axial. Radial loads occur perpendicular
to the shaft, while axial loads occur parallel to the
shaft. Depending on the application the bearing is
being used in, some bearings
experience both loads simultaneously.
• Axial bearings, or thrust bearings, are designed to
withstand force in the same direction as the shaft.
This is called an axial load, or thrust load. ...
• Radial ball bearings are designed to
withstand forces that are perpendicular to the
direction of the shaft, or radial loads
 The bearing above is like the one in the hub of
your car wheel. This bearing has to support
both a radial load and a thrust load. The radial
load comes from the weight of the car, the
thrust load comes from the cornering forces
when you go around a turn.

The bearings in a car wheel are subject to

both thrust and radial loads.
 TYPES OF BEARINGS:
 
Deep groove ball bearings are among the most widely used type of bearing in the world. They can operate at high speeds and can carry radial and (limited) axial loads. They are commonly used in electric motors, compressors, fans, and conveyors.
Ball bearings, as shown below, are probably the most common
type of bearing. They are found in everything from inline skates
to hard drives. These bearings can handle both radial and thrust
loads, and are usually found in applications where the load is
relatively small.

Ball bearings are also called anti-friction bearings.

• SELF ALIGINING BALL BEARING
It allows for misalignment, shaft deflection, giving you a bearing that can work
in potentially problematic applications.
• Self-aligning ball bearings generate less friction than other styles of bearings,
which allows them to run at higher speeds without building up as much heat.
As a result, self-aligning ball bearings are more suitable for low- to medium-
sized loads.
• Given the benefits of the self-aligning ball bearing, there are several
industries that can use them, including:
• Textile
• Mining
• Heavy machinery
• Power machinery
• Agricultural
• If you’re dealing with issues like misalignment in your applications, it can be
difficult to operate efficiently. Self-aligning ball bearings can help you with
that problems. 
 
Can they interchange with standard ball
bearing assemblies?
Depending on the series, most self-aligning
bearings can be interchanged with standard ball
bearing assemblies. (6200 and 6300 have direct
interchanges with the 1200 and 1300 series).
Cylindrical roller bearing
• One of the major series of bearings that have the
capability to withstand heavy radial loads is
cylindrical roller bearings. Just as the other
bearings are named after their Rolling elements,
the same applies here too. The rolling elements of
the bearing are in the shape of “Cylindrical
Rollers”.
• Some of the widely used applications of roller
bearings are aviation cargo systems, engines,
agriculture industry, heavy equipments and
machinery, solar panels, medical equipments,
automobile industry, power houses and many
others.
Tapered Roller Bearing
• The taper roller bearing is named so because the
rolling element in the taper roller bearing is of
the form of a Tapered Roller.
• Tapered Roller bearings have a clear advantage
of other kinds of bearings because of their
capability to carry combined (axial and radial)
loads to a great extent.
• They have tapered inner and outer raceways
between which the tapered rollers are arranged.
• Tapered roller bearings are essential in sectors
such as agriculture, construction, mining,
engines and propellers. At the industrial level,
paper mills, cement plants and oil companies
are some examples of environments where
tapered roller bearings are found.
The cup is comprised of the outer ring and the
cone assembly consists of inner ring, rollers,
and cage.
Angular Contact Bearings
• Angular Contact Bearings are constructional bearings which use the
rolling element as the ‘Ball’. 
• As you have seen in the constructional feature of the Angular contact
bearing, the line of contact of the rolling element or the ball is ‘angular’
between the inner race and the outer race.
• Bearings with contact angles from 15 to 40° are available
• Angular Contact Bearings are suitable for carrying combined loads and
usually they come in 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 degree angles while custom
angles are made for special applications.
• Here are examples of applications in which angular contact ball bearings
might be used:​
• Industrial pumps
• Industrial gearboxes
• Renewable energy
• Compressors
• Industrial electric motors & generators
• Trucks, trailers and buses
• The needs of agriculture industry are heavy machineries and
equipment, Angular Contact Ball Bearings are known for
their high performance and high axial and radial load
capacities that make them the ideal solution for agricultural
machines.
• Bearings are used to help reduce friction.
Metal-upon-metal contact produces large
amounts of friction. The friction adds to wear
and tear of the metal, producing grinding that
slowly degrades the metal. Bearings reduce
friction by having the two surfaces roll over
each other, reducing the amount of friction
produced. They consist of a smooth metal ball
or roller that rolls against a smooth inner and
outer metal surface. The rollers or balls take
the load, allowing the device to spin.
• The load acted upon a bearing is either a
radial or thrust load. Depending on the
location of the bearing in the mechanism,
it can see all of a radial or thrust load or a
combination of both. For example, the
bearing in the wheel of your car supports
a radial and a thrust load. The weight of
the car on the bearing produces a radial
load while the thrust load is produced as
the car turns a corner.
 • Ball bearings are usually sold as
assemblies and are simply replaced
as units. Roller bearings can often be
disassembled and the roller carrier
and rollers, or the outer or inner
races, replaced individually.
• Spherical Roller Bearings
• Spherical roller bearings typically consist of two rows of
barrel-shaped rollers running in two raceways.
• They are mounted in pairs inside the bearing housing and
are faced in opposite directions.
• NEEDLE ROLLER BEARINGS
• Needle bearings are widely used industrial bearings,
having roller bearings of high length-to diameter
ratios
• This type of bearing supports strong radial loads, but
not the axial load.
Thrust Bearing
• Designed to handle high thrust loads, roller-
thrust bearings are typically found in gearsets
used for car transmissions between gears or
between the housing and rotating shafts.
• The main function of a thrust bearing is to
resist any axial force applied to the rotor and
maintain its position.

• Because helical gears have angular teeth,

their operation produces axial thrusts that
must be absorbed by thrust bearings.

• A thrust bearing is a type of bearing that helps

rotation and resists thrust at the same time.
Ball-thrust bearings are designed to
handle almost exclusively thrust
loads in low-speed, low-weight
applications. An example of its use
would be in bar stools where they
are used to support the seat.
• Thrust ball bearings
• SKF thrust ball bearings are manufactured as
single direction or double direction thrust ball
bearings. They are designed to accommodate
axial loads only and must not be subjected to
any radial load.
• Thrust bearings include a broad range of bearings that
accommodate axial loads. Also referred to as axial
force, thrust is parallel to the axis of rotation.
• Thrust bearings are entirely designed to take the axially
loaded system. These are used in places where axial
thrust predominate such as the propeller of ships’ turn
and push the ship forward massive thrust is acting on
the propeller shaft.
• BALL THRUST BEARINGS & WASHERS
• Ball thrust bearings carry axial loads in machinery that
requires rotation between different parts. They support
loads in one thrust direction only. Ball thrust bearings
contain two grooved washers and a cage that separates
and spaces the bearing's spherical rolling elements.
Thrust ball bearings, composed of
bearing balls supported in a ring,
can be used in low thrust
applications where there is little
axial load
 Thrust roller bearing
• A thrust bearing is a particular type of rotary 
bearing. Like other bearings they permit rotation
between parts, but they are designed to support
a predominantly axial load.
• They are designed to accommodate axial loads
only and must not be subjected to any radial
load.
• Brand: SKF, NSK, FAG, INA, TIMKEN
• ROLLER THRUST BEARINGS
• A roller bearing uses a rolling element to
reduce rotational friction and to support a load.
Rather than use balls as the rolling element, a
roller bearing relies on cylinders to carry either
a load. 
 Bearing Life
• The life measure of an individual bearing is
defined as the total number of revolutions (or
hours at a constant speed) of bearing operation
until the failure criterion is developed.

• Under ideal conditions, the fatigue failure

consists of spalling of the load carrying
surfaces. The American Bearing Manufacturers
Association (ABMA) standard states that the
failure criterion is the first evidence of fatigue.
• If a bearing is clean and properly lubricated, is
mounted and sealed against the entrance of dust and
dirt, is maintained in this condition, and is operated at
reasonable temperatures, then metal fatigue will be the
only cause of failure.

• The rating life is a term sanctioned by the ABMA and

used by most manufacturers. The rating life of a group
of nominally identical ball or roller bearings is defined
as the number of revolutions (or hours at a constant
speed) that 90 percent of a group of bearings will
achieve or exceed before the failure criterion develops.
The terms minimum life, L10 life, and B10 life are also
used as synonyms for rating life.
• Median life is the 50th percentile life of a
group of bearings. The term average life has
been used as a synonym for median life,
• Basic life or L10 as defined in ISO and ABMA
standards is the life that 90% of a
sufficiently large group of apparently
identical bearings can be expected to reach
or exceed.
• The median or average life, sometimes called
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), is about
five times the calculated basic rating life. 
• Service life is the life of a bearing under
actual operating conditions before it fails or
needs to be replaced for whatever reason.
• Static Load Rating and Dynamic Load Rating
Bearing Load Life at Rated Reliability

When nominally identical groups are tested to

the life-failure criterion at different
loads,
To establish a single point, load F1 and the rating life
of group one (L10)1
are the coordinates that are logarithmically
transformed. The reliability associated with
this point, and all other points, is 0.90.
• Using a regression equation of the form
8th Edition
11-1
9th Edition
 Combined Radial and Thrust Load
• A ball bearing is capable of resisting radial loading and
a thrust loading. Furthermore, these can be combined.
• Consider Fa and Fr to be the axial thrust and radial
loads, respectively, and
• Fe to be the equivalent radial load that does the same
damage as the combined radial and thrust loads
together.
• A rotation factor V is defined such that V = 1 when the
inner ring rotates and V = 1.2 when the outer ring
rotates.
• Two dimensionless groups can now be formed:
Fe/V Fr and Fa/V Fr .
• The equations for the two lines shown in Fig.
Numerical 11-4
Relating Load, Life, and Reliability
.
Bearing Survival: Reliability versus Life
Shigley 8th Edition

Shigley 9th Edition