Chemical Bond

LEARNING GOAL:
Determine if a molecule is polar or
non-polar given its structure.
Chemical bonds
 forces that hold atoms together to
make compounds or molecules
 Types of Bond
COVALENT BOND IONIC BOND
(sharing of electrons) (transfer of electrons)
 How does sharing of electrons affect the
structure and the properties of
substance?
 The extent of sharing of electrons between
atoms in a molecule is dependent on the
electronegativity.

Electronegativity (EN)
The measure of the relative tendency of an atom
to attract electrons to itself when chemically
combined with another atom.
 The higher the value of electronegativity,
the more it tends to attract electrons
toward itself.

 This affects a substance’s polarity and

interaction with other substances.

 Recall that each atom has its own

electronegativity value.
 Increasing Electronegativity
Decreasing Electronegativity
 Chemical bonds include :
 Polarcovalent
Polar covalent bonds
bonds
 occur when electron pairs are unequally shared.
 For a bond to be polar, the electronegativity
difference between the two elements needs to be
between 0.5 to 2.0.
 Non-polar covalent bonds
 occur when electron pairs are shared equally or the
difference in electronegativity between atoms is
less than 0.5.
Any more than 2.0 and the molecules become charged ions
and form ionic bonds instead.
 Example:
Fluorine, the most electronegative element of them all, has a
electronegativity number of 4.0.

Hydrogen is very weakly electronegative with a value of 2.1.

When the two elements come together, they form polar
compound HF.

 F and H

4.0 - 2.1 = 1.9

Polar covalent bond
 Theseparation of charges makes the bond
polar. It creates an electric dipole.
Dipole
 refers to “two poles,” meaning there is a
positive and a negative pole within a
molecule.
Notes:
Molecules with high polarity are hydrophilic,
and mix well with other polar compounds.
For example, water is a polar solvent and it will
dissolve salts and other polar molecules, but not non-
polar molecules like oil. 

 Molecules that are non-polar or have very

low polarity tend to be hydrophobic, and mix well
with other non-polar (or nearly non-polar) compounds.

Example: Petrol is a non-polar solvent and will dissolve oil,

but will not mix with water.  
Determine if the bond between elements are
polar covalent or non-polar covalent.
 C and H  H and H
2.5 - 2.1 = 0.4 2.1 - 2.1 = 0
Non-polar covalent Nonpolar covalent bond
bond
 Na and Cl
 O and H
3.0 - 0.9 = 2.1 3.5 - 2.1 = 1.4
Ionic bond Polar covalent bond
SW:
Solve for the electronegativity of two
elements and determine if the bond
between elements are polar covalent ,
non-polar covalent or ionic.

 C and O
 N and H
 N and N
 C and F
REFERENCES:
 Physical Science 1 PDF
 https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Eastern_Mennonite_University/
EMU%3A_Chemistry_for_the_Life_Sciences_(Cessna)/
4%3A_Covalent_Bonding_and_Simple_Molecular_Compounds/
4.4%3A_Polar_and_Non-polar_Covalent_Bonds