Sedimentary Basins of Pakistan

and their source rocks and

reservoir rocks
Source Rock
 Source rock refers to rocks in which hydrocarbons have been
generated or capable of being generated.
 They are organic-rich sediments that may have been
deposited in a variety of environments including deep water
marine, lacustrine and deltaic.
 Typical source rocks, usually shales contain about 1% organic
matter
 Rocks of marine origin tend to be oil-prone, whereas terrestrial
source rocks (such as coal) tend to be gas-prone.
 Under the right conditions, source rocks may also be reservoir
rocks, as in the case of shale gas reservoirs.
 A source rock is formed by the:
 Sedimentation in areas of high organic productivity.
 Preservation of organic matter in sediment.
 Reservoir Rocks

 A reservoir rock is a rock body that must be:

1. Porous
2. Permeable
3. Covered with a cap rock (Trap)
 Sedimentary Basin of Pakistan

Basin is region of the earth of long-term subsidence

creating accommodation space for infilling by
sediments.
 Sedimentary Basin of Pakistan

Pakistan comprises three sedimentary basins.

 Indus Basin:
 (1) Upper Indus Basin
 (2) Central Indus Basin
 (3) Lower Indus Basin
 Balochistan Basin
 Pishin or kakar khorasan Basin
Upper Indus Basin: The Upper Indus Basin (UIB)is the
area covering Potwar-Kohat plateau in Punjab and
Khyber-Pathtunkhawa provinces in Northern Pakistan
(districts, Jhelum, Chakwal, Rawalpindi, Islamabad,
Attock,Kohat, Karak area).
 Sedimentary Basin of Pakistan

 Central Indus Basin:

• The central indus basin is separated from upper indus
basin by the Sargodha high and pezu uplift in the
north.
• It is bounded by indian shield in the east, marginal
zone of Indian Plate in the west, and Sukker Riftin
the south.
 Lower Indus Basin:
• The south indus basin is bounded by the indian
shield to the east and the marginal zone of Inian
plate to the west.
 Sedimentary Basin of Pakistan
Pishin basin:
• It is also called kakar khorasan basin.
• Kakar khorasan basin is located between Chaman fault
in the north and northwest and obducted ophiolitic
margin of Indian Plate in the south.
 Balochistan basin:
• In the east Balochistan basin is separated from Indus
basin by chaman fault, whereas the western part
extend into Iran.
Basin Map Of Pakistan
Source Rock Of Upper Indus Basin
 The Paleocene Patala Formation appears to be the primary
source of hydrocarbons.

 There are several potential source rocks in the Kohat-Potwar

geologic province. These include the Late Proterozoic–Lower
Cambrian Salt Range; Permian Wargal, Sardhai, and Chhidru;
Paleocene Lockhart; and Eocene Patala Formations (OGDC, 1996;
Quadri and Quadri, 1996).

 Chichali and Lumshiwal Formations may be the youngest mature

rocks with source potential throughout most of the Kohat Plateau.
Reservoir Rock Of Upper Indus basin

 In the Upper Indus basin, oil or gas has been produced from the
following formations:
 Cambrian Kherwa, Kussak, and Jutana;

 Permian Tobra, Amb, and Wargal;

 Jurassic Datta;

 Cretaceous Lumshiwal;

 Paleocene Khairabad, Lockhart, Patala, and Nammal;

 Eocene Bhadrar, Chorgali, and Margala Hill Limestone;

 Miocene Murree (Khan and others, 1986; Petroconsultants,

1996).
 Oil and Gas Field
 The Potwar thrust belt has been known for oil production since 1915
when Khaur field was discovered in district Attock about 100 miles
south of Rawalpindi.
 The oldest reservoir for oil, gas and condensate is Khewra
formation’s sandstone of Early Cambrian age in Adhi field near
Gujar Khan district Rawalpindi in Potwar Basin.
 The carbonates of Chorgali-Sakesar Formation of Eocene age are the
biggest reservoir in Potwar Basin. The major fields where Eocene
fractured carbonates are reservoirs, Dhulian, Meyal, Pindori, Pariwali,
Dhurnal, Dakhni, Balkassar, Chak naurang, Adhi, Bhangali and Fim
Kasser.
 Missa Kiswal and Rajian field are also producing oil from Khewra
sandstone; both located not far away from Adhi field.
 Late Permain carbonates of Wargal Formation is the reservoir in
Dhurnal field. This reservoir is natural fractured. Dhurnal field is also
located in Potwar Basin near Khaur field.
Source Rock Of Lower Indus basin

 Total area of lower indus basin is 169,000 sq.ml.

 Sember (Cretaceous) and Ranikot (Paleocene) are main source
rock.
 Environment of deposition of Sember and ranikot is marine
environment.
 But there are units with Lower Goru, Ranikot and Ghazij
Formation to be source rock as well.
 There are other known and potential source rocks.
 Permian Dandot and Tredian Formations,
 Triassic Jurassic Datta Formation,
 Eocene Ghazij Formation,
 lower Miocene shales.
 Reservoir Rock Of Lower Indus basin

 In Kirthar Range mostly Pab sandstone is the reservoir.

 Lower Goru Sands (Lower Cretaceous) are the main reservoir
for oil and gas.
 Habib Rahi limestone (Eocene ) is the gas reservoir in the giant
Mari Field.
 These fields produce from Sui Main Limestone (SML, Eocene),
Ranikot sands, Dungan limestone (Paleocene) and the Pab
sandstone ( Late Cretaceous).
 Oil and Gas Field
 Lower Goru Formation Upper sands and Basal sands are oil
bearing in more than 50 fields in the Badin area in the districts
Mirpurkhas, Hyderabad, Badin and Sanghar in Sindh Province.
(Khaskheli, matli, Tando Adam, Turk, Duphri, Kato, Lashari,
Bhatti fields, etc)

 Source is Sembar, Reservoir is Sui Main Limestone (Sui,

Kandhkot, Loti, Kandra, Bhadra fields).

 Habib Rahi limestone (Mari gas field).

 Along Kirthar Range (Mazarani, Mehar, Zamzama, Bhit, Badhra

gas fields) Pab is the reservoir for gas.
 Source Rocks Of Balochistan basin
 Balochistan basin is a least explored area.
 Panjgur formation (Miocene) is considered as a reservoir.
 Hoshab and Parkana formation has also ability as reservoir rock
in balochistab basin.

Reservoir Rocks Of Balochistan basin

 Talar sand stone has high porosity act as reservoir rock.