Presentation on SOYBEAN

Presenter
Suprabha Paudyal
Class roll no. PLB-04M-2021
INTRODUCTION

• Soybean, (Glycine max), also called soja bean or soya bean, annual legume of

the pea family

• It is an erect branching plant and can reach more than 2 meters (6.5 feet) in
height

• It flowers in 30-60 days and the whole lifecycle is completed in 95-125 days

• The seed contains 20 percent oil and 63 percent meal, 40 percent of which is a
protein

• It adds about 40kg of N/ha in soil

 HISTORY OF SOYABEAN
S.N Date Activities

1. 11 century B.C. Domestication of soybean production in eastern half of North China

2. 1740 Soybean seed may have been sent from China by missionaries & planted in France

3. 1804 First use of the word, “soybean” in United States literature,

4. 1924 Only 1.8 million acres of soybean acreage in the United States, but most of the crop was
used for hay.

5. 1950-70’s The U.S. dominated world soybean production by growing more than 75% of the world
soybean crop

6. 2003 A.D The major soybean producing states of Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Ohio,
Missouri & Nebraska produced 67 percent of the U.S. production

7. 2014 A.D The United States contributed to 34% of world soybean production with Brazil closely
following at 30% of world soybean production.
Soybean in Nepal

1819 – : Soybeans are first cultivated in Nepal

1970 – Tofu (called Bhatmas ko Paneer) is first made, by Mr. Raghubir Naidya; he learned the
process from a Tibetan friend in 1969

Productivity status of soybean in Nepal

40000
34544
35000
31567 32178
30000 29061
27681 26775
25179 25758
25000 23563
21897
20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2073/74 2074/75 Area (ha) 2075/76
Production (mt) 2076/77 2077/78
Germplasm status of soybean

In Nepal gene bank soybean has 150 accessions

In the world germplasm collection of soybean is about 176,400 accessions

Total release variety of soybean in Nepal

S.N Name Recommended year (B.S) Yield

1 Hardi 2035 2.4
2 Rensom 2044 1.0
3 Seti 2046 1.2
4 Cob 2046 2.5
5 Lumle bhatmas 1 2053 1.7
6 Tarkari Bhatmas-1 2060 2.3
7 Puja 2063 1.6
 Health Benefits of Soybean

Soybean is essential for pregnancy

It helps to improve bone health

It helps to alleviate the problem of

menopausal symptom

It aids in healthy digestion

Soybean Improves Heart Health 

 FLORAL BIOLOGY

• Soybean belongs to the family Leguminosae and it is highly

self-pollinated

• It has a perfect flower consisting of calyx, corolla, pistil, and

stamens

• Typical papilionaceous flower with a tubular calyx of five

unequal sepal lobes

• Five-parted corolla consisting of posterior standard petal

• Two lateral wing petals and two anterior keel petals in contact
with each other but not fused 

• The stigma is slightly hairy and covered by keel

 Botanical Classification

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Angiosperms
Class: Dicotyledons
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Glycine
Species: max

Chromosome number 2n=40

Growth stage of Soybean
 Growth stage of Soybean

Stage Stage Title Description

VE Emergence Cotyledon above soil surface

VC Cotyledon Unifoliate leaves unrolled sufficiently

V1 First-node Fully developed leaves at unifoliate node

V2 Second-node Fully developed trifoliate leaf above unifoliate

V3 Third-node Three nodes at the main stem with fully developed leaves

V(n) nth –node n number of nodes on main stem with fully developed leaves
 Growth stage of Soybean
Stage Stage Title Description
R1 Beginning bloom One open flower at any node on main stem
R2 Full bloom Open flower at one of the two uppermost node
R3 Beginning pod Pods 5mm long at one of the 4 uppermost nodes on main stem
R4 Full pod Pods of 2cm long at one of the four uppermost nodes on main stem

R5 Beginning seed Seeds 3mm long in a pod at one of the four uppermost nodes on the
main stem
R6 Full seed The pod contains a green seed that fills the pod cavity at one of the four
uppermost nodes on the main stem
R7 Beginning maturity 1-3% of pods have reached their mature pod color
R8 Full maturity 95% of pod have reached their matured pod color
BREEDING OBJECTIVES

High yield with wider adoption

Early maturity (95-100 days)
Photo insensitivity, suitable for kharif/rabi/summer season for plains as well as hill
regions
High oil and protein content
Low shattering
Synchronize flowering
Breeding for abiotic stresses: Drought resistance, water logging resistance
Short plant height
High nitrogen fixation capacity
High market quality
Resistance to seed damage
 BREEDING OBJECTIVES

Resistance to disease
Yellow Mosaic Virus
Bacterial Pustules
Rizoctonia aerial blight
Cercospora Leaf spot
Rust
Bacterial leaf blight
Resistance to insects
Hairy caterpillar
Tobacco caterpillar
Stem fly
White fly
Green semi looper
Green stink bug
Minimum seed certification standards
Field standards Maximum permitted (%)
Foundation Certified

Isolation distance 3m 3m

No. of field inspections 2 2

Off-Types 0.1 0.5

Selfing and crossing techniques

Equipment's Required
• Dissecting forceps
• Needles
• Paper clips
• Cover bags

Selfing
• Soybean is predominantly a self-pollinated crop
• In order to ensure complete Selfing ,the inflorescence is enclosed in a bag
• The bagging material used is a paper bag

Anthesis
• Starts in the morning around 6 am and continues till 11 am
• Maximum flower opening time is 11 am to 5 pm
 Steps for Emasculation

Select the inflorescence containing young buds for emasculation

Remove immature buds
Remove the calyx with help of forceps
Remove the corolla by grasping with a forceps above the calyx scar and lifting them
upward
Remove all the diadelphous stamens
 Steps for pollination

Pollination is done the next morning

Collect all the pollen from the male parent
Anthers are gently brushed on the stigma until the pollen is clearly
visible
Bag the pollinated inflorescence
 Research Area of Soybean

Genetics and Genomics:

This area focuses on the study of soybean genes and the identification of genes
responsible for desirable traits such as high yield, disease resistance, and drought
tolerance.

Breeding and Biotechnology:

This area involves the development of new soybean cultivars with desirable traits
through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering.

Physiology and Biochemistry:

This area focuses on understanding the physiological and biochemical processes
involved in soybean growth, development, and stress response.
 Research Area of Soybean

Agronomy and Crop Management:

The study of soybean growth, development, and yield in relation to environmental
conditions, management practices, and soil health.

Pest and Disease Management:

Identification and management of pests and diseases that affect soybean yield and
quality.

Food Science and Nutrition:

The study of soybean as a food ingredient and its potential health benefits.

Environmental Impact:
The study of the environmental impact of soybean production and ways to reduce its
negative impact on the environment.
Improved Soybean Variety

Some examples of high-yielding soybean varieties include:

AG47X8 – This variety has been shown to produce consistently high yields and is resistant
to a range of pests and diseases.
Pioneer 94Y80 – This variety is known for its high yield potential and strong performance
in a range of growing conditions.
Asgrow 4632 – This variety has been bred for high yield potential and early maturity,
making it a good choice for shorter growing seasons.
AG2433 – This variety has a protein content of around 45%, making it one of the highest
protein soybean varieties available.
LG22R13 – This variety has a protein content of around 44%, making it another good
choice for farmers looking to grow soybeans with high protein content.
Armor AX 5824 – This variety has a protein content of around 43%, making it a strong
performer in terms of both yield and protein content.
Thank You