Patterns of

Development in
Writing Across
Disciplines
Lesson 3
 Writing needs direction before your ideas slip away
Let these patterns in writing help you, if they may
If you tell a story of what happened, narration is the way
Description is when large, sweet or soft are words you say
If you tell the meaning of a concept, term or subject
And explain what something is, definition is what you expect
Put items related in categories or groups in any way,
Classification is definitely the game you play
Stating the reason and result, that’s cause and effect
You want to convince readers? Persuasion is perfect
When there’s an issue or problem and a solution is made today
Obviously, problem- solution pattern is on display
If similarities and differences are the ideas you collect
then comparison and contrast pattern is what you reflect
These are the patterns of developing the thoughts in your head
Remember that to achieve a particular purpose in the end, information
in a written text may be organized and selected.
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 The methods of development vary
with the individual purposes and
reactions to different situations
and problems. There are all
possible ways of presenting and
developing an idea. Skillful writers
may employ a combination of the
methods in writing a paragraph.
S T O R Y

P S KAO H L RB Y O
CT S
E V E N T

T P C E OV P A E L R N
O Y
V I V I D

L VRI T C W E I E DAS
V NS
NAR RAT E

RG T K O I R S I A
Y MA S N E H T
S K I L L

Y I GNL E S D F M K
P AL
 ski l l

NAR RAT I O N
event narrate vi vi
d
 I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
- describes how, when, and where
an
event or occurrence actually happened

-used to tell a story or focus on a set of

related events
Components of Narrative Text
1. Logical Actions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene
 Example
It was late afternoon, the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't
coming to see him. But he stood there anyway,
waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.
 2. Way of Narration
-refers to how the writer presents the
story
-includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time
to the events of the story makes a
good writing.
 Clipped Narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.

Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
out of the driveway, and drove off to return
home.”
 3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration

* Writers must choose how to address

terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.
 Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have
manifestation
physical in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
 Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that
are intangible

Examples:
love, freedom, feminism
 General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example:
furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component
of the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs
Concrete: “He was shivering violently
from the cold.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air
was palpable.”
General: “He gave her a piece
of jewelry.”
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in
its facets.”
Larry suddenly woke up from a deep sleep. The door to his room was
closed; the house was immersed in some sort of reckless silence. He
slowly got out of his bed and approached the bench right next to the
window. For a moment, he thought, he heard a tapping sound coming
from the attic. Then again he heard the sound, only this time it seemed
to be somewhat closer. He looked outside the window and saw a man
going by the left side of the road. On seeing Larry, the man approached
his garden’s fence and whistled. At this point, Larry recognized Nick and
waved his hand. He quickly got dressed and was about to get down to
open the gate, but he again heard someone murmuring in the other
part of the house. Larry decided to go to the attic and see what was
causing this, now buzzing, sound. He got to the second floor of his
house and looked toward the attic. He quickly opened its door and
looked inside. Nothing was found. He was about to turnback and attend
to his guest when he, suddenly, slipped on the stairs and fell. He called
out to Nick to help him get up
 D E TAI L

R E M H G T N
A LS P D U B I T
SENSORY

O N A S O Y D N I
GR C E AT L US
L O O K

Y O E M K A
L NI E OS F C
QUALITY
T Y
UC A E QS A C Y I E L K O
T R DH
REALISTIC

I L U A P R E C M S
TE R S I B A T E N
 qual i t
y
D E S C R I PTI O
N
sensory l oo
k realistic
 II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance

What does it look like?

What are its characteristics?
Characteristics of Description
● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose

●uses sensory details and

precise words

● presents details in a logical order

There is science everywhere, from the time you open your eyes,
till you close them. All of our day to day activities contain science.
From the clothes you wear to the food you eat, science is
everywhere. You cannot neglect it either it is Agriculture,
Education, Entrainment, Electricity, etc.

Science has made our life easy. It has become an essential part of
our life. We cannot expect a life without electricity, mobile
phones, and various other things, which are very much helpful in
dealing with day to day life.

Science can help you in sleeping in terms of sleeping pills, and

wake you up with the help of an alarm, you can make your
breakfast on induction, take shower, drive your car to your office,
and etc. all are examples of the wonders of science. Many things
have been invented and many are in the queue. All these things
show how science has become an integral part of our life. Life
becomes easy with the help of science.
 Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description

- looks into factual and scientific

characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible

* The writer stays away from

emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it is.
 Examples
"On one corner of my dresser sits a smiling toy clown on a tiny
unicycle―a gift I received last Christmas from a close friend. The
clown's short yellow hair, made of yarn, covers its ears but is parted
above the eyes. The blue eyes are outlined in black with thin, dark
lashes flowing from the brows. It has cherry-red cheeks, nose, and
lips, and its broad grin disappears into the wide, white ruffle around
its neck. The clown wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. The left
side of the outfit is light blue, and the right side is red. The two colors
merge in a dark line that runs down the center of the small outfit.
Surrounding its ankles and disguising its long black shoes are big pink
bows. The white spokes on the wheels of the unicycle gather in the
center and expand to the black tire so that the wheel somewhat
resembles the inner half of a grapefruit. The clown and unicycle
together stand about a foot high. As a cherished gift from my good
friend Tran, this colorful figure greets me with a smile every time I
enter my room."
"My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped
blond guitar―the first instrument I taught myself how
to play. It's nothing fancy, just a Blond folk guitar, all
scuffed and scratched and fingerprinted. At the top is a
bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked
through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are
stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the
wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and
picking notes. The body of the Blond guitar is shaped
like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly
damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been
chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick
guard fell off years ago. No, it's not a beautiful
instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that
I will always treasure it."
 2. Subjective Description
-asort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character
-also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.
 Examples
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.
The major reason why I like mathematics is that I do not
have to memorize everything like a parrot like I have to
do in other subjects. To acquire good marks in
mathematics you just need to have sufficient mental
logic for the subject. This subject is also demanding in
various education fields. This is the only subject in which
you can score full marks and raise your overall
percentage.

The most amazing part of this subject is that you just

have to remember some formulas to solve the problems.
It is needless to say that mathematics is a very logical
subject and does not require any kind of boring memory
work like other subjects especially Geography & History.
Scientific innovations or technology is the most
amazing thing that has ever happened to humankind. In
this modern world, technology is no more a luxury; it
has become a necessity. Life without technology is
next to impossible since humans have become
dependent on technological advancements. For every
human activity, we need a machine, and then there
comes technology. It has made all our lives easier and
more convenient and has also made transportation,
education, labor, etc., more accessible. Technological
breakthroughs change from time to time in today’s fast-
paced, ever-changing world. However, in today’s world,
technology plays a critical role in strengthening a
country’s economy and people’s lives.
 Writing Activity

Write a narrative text

about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give as much detail as
possible.
 Rubric

Focus 30
Organization 25
％
Integration ％
Convention 20
25％
％100
％
 Writing Activity
You are a writer of a travel
magazine. The editor of the magazine
asks you to write a travel article that
tells about a beautiful place where
one
can spend a vacation. Your
task is to write a five-paragraph
descriptive article.
 Rubric

Focus 30
Organization 25
％
Integration ％
Convention 20
25％
％100
％
MEANING

N I E T I N W A
F DO R M E G C S I
INFORM

T F B U N E L S
M S R I K HOA
E LAB O RAT E

L ANP B UGT O R I X E
C S A D E
ENLIGHTEN

T P L N O G I X E
I C HE UNB AN
 CONTROVERSY

T Y N C G I N MO R O U E B
R T V D A S
 DEFINITION
cont rover
inform
sy
 III. Definition
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc
 As the name suggests a
definition paragraph is a
paragraph that initiates with
the topic defining statement.
This statement can be followed
or supported by various events,
happenings, examples, or
details.
 Varieties of Definition

1. Scientific Definition

- defines concepts in the most factual

way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts
 The topic is developed by defining a term
connected to the topic. Defining a term may be
divided into three (3) parts namely:

1. TERM- the word to be defined

2. GENUS- where the term belongs and be
classified
3. DIFFERENTIA OR DIFFERENTIATION-
includes the remaining parts and other information
revolving on the term that is defined. It also states
the factor that distinguishes an entity, state or class
from another
 A gene is a chemical unit of atomic proportions buried in
every living cell. It determines the structure of an
organism and frequently it's ways. It is capable of self
production, and is inheritable. The gene develops as the
determinants of life, in all probability, in the long
beginnings of Pre-Cambrian simplicity, but genes are
required to handle the complexities of higher animals.
And mutation is the abrupt change in the character of a
gene in a productive cell resulting in an abrupt and
usually disastrous change in the character of the
descendant organism. And while, one might think that
the change of a single gene among, say a thousand,
would have a small consequence, still is not so, for genes
modify the value of other genes.
 2. Subjective Definition
-defines the objects in a more personal
way
-usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
-often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting
The term could be emphasized by the
following:

1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin
 Signal Words for Definition

is defined as means to define

as defined refers to to illustrate

 Examples

“Covid 19 or as we commonly known as

the Corona Virus is a disease that is
caused by a virus named SARS-CoV-2.
The disease is infectious and can spread
rapidly. It is an airborne disease that
can just spread vividly. Symptoms of
this virus include fever, loss of taste and
smell, weakness, and many more. “
 An email refers to a non-tangible thing that you send
electronically to your recipient. An email is a digital mail
that one send to the recipient via the internet; hence
one does not require a stamp to send it. Due to
technological advances, one can send an email
anytime to any place, depending on the internet
connection. One does not require to wait for the post
office to open before sending it. Your role is to write the
draft, proofread the content and hit the send button. The
person sending this mail does not require a postage
stamp but rather the cost of internet access. Email is
the fastest way for communication which several
businesses use by only pushing a button. Physical
emailing is declining as email communication is taking
over rapidly. 
 A racist is defined as a person who likes
discriminating against people by race or
outer appearance. Racism starts be one
raising a child and injecting negative
thoughts relating to personal reasons. For
instance, a racist’s family will radicalize the
kids hate other people of a different color. If
one visits a different country and encounters
discrimination based on race. Racism is a
vice that shows a form of hatred toward
certain people. Most racism uses mental
abuse, or they can extend it to injure you
physically.
CAT E G O RY

DAVE S I T O G I R C
N I X Y
 EXAMPLE

A T S G N X A R L
E L E I T P OS M
CRITERIA

I DA Y R L UOE A Q C
I S I N T R
 I LLU S T RAT I O N

I L M G L K U F A S
T C AI NR HE T O
 CLASSIFICATION
AND
criteria
EXEMPLIFICATIO
N
IV.Classification and Exemplification
Classification

-divides things into groups, classes, or

categories
-organizes ideas into divisions
based on criteria or standards
 Example
The whole Hindu population of India can be
divided into four castes or varna. The highest of
these castes is that of the Brahmans or priests
(Singh, 2002). The next highest is the varna of the
warriors, known as the Kshatriya, or sometimes
the Rajput caste (Pashwar, 2004). Below this
comes the Vaishya or merchant caste and the
lowest caste is known as the Sudra caste (Singh,
2002). While castes are traditionally associated
with a type of occupation, in modern India,
occupations are not a reliable guide to caste.
 Exemplification
-provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
-presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea
 Signal Words for Classification
another classified one kind the last
as group

another final type the first the next

kind categor part
y
 Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is

as an in other put another to be

example words way specific
consider the in particular specifically to clarify
following
for example in short stated to illustrate
differentl
y
 Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.
 Writing Activity
(Individual)
Think of a favorite thing,
food or pet, etc.
Compose a one-
paragraph essay about it
using definition in
developing your
paragraph.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Task: You are a sales manager. A
customer sent you an e-mail asking
about the different types of products you
sell.
You need to respond to the e-mail
indicating the classification of your
products. Your message must contain the
product's category and specific features.
 S I M I LAR

M A U R D I N R
L L I E S C L A OP
S

DIFFERENCE

F US R T L E K NO E I B C E
D S A F T
 CHOICE

A HUW E S DO C Y R
C T I N P
 ELEMENT

M A U L I G T O
E P S E Y NC E B R
COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
V. Comparison and Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts
are similar to or different from one
another
a.separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b.side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
 Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the same similarly
way

as in a similar like to compare

fashion

both in likewise
comparison
 Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise

and yet even so however still

as opposed even nevertheless the fact
to though
remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the whereas
contrar
y
counter to in the on the other yet
meantime hand
 Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small
and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is
much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is
hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around
other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie
will always stand his ground, never giving up until he
is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same
way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so
different in everything they do.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a film critic. You are to
write a comparative review of two
films of the same genre. Use the
comparison and contrast pattern of
text development in your review.
 E X P LAI N

A X Y L NA P OR C N I E
U D S F L
CONSEQUENCE

O R UNE F C OS N T S E M C
U Y Q L E
 CRITICAL

T A R B GI OL U Q C
S IE K C H N
 CONNECTION

N AS O RCPI O S I C NE UT
NL AT
 REASON

A S NUT O L F FE DR I
CBS
 FISH BONE

O I T QY HA R S B L
GON A F E U
CAUSE AND
EFFECT
reason
VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something happens
or what results a particular event
produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause

b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

 Signal Words for Cause
as for in view of owing to
(the (the
fact) fact)
because for the inasmuch seeing that
(of the fact) reason that as

being that in that one reason since

due to
(the fact that)
 Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in so that
consequence
as a for this so therefore
consequence
reason
as a result hence so much (so) thus
(of this) that
because
(of
this)
 Example
-The surface of the Earth is divided
into pieces called “tectonic plates.”
These plates move. When the
plates rub against each other, they
do not move smoothly. When the
plates do not move smoothly,
earthquakes result. Some parts of
the world get more earthquakes
than other parts. The parts of the
earth that get most earthquakes
are near the edges of these plates.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Typhoon Yolanda took the lives of
over 6,300 Filipinos and displaced
thousands of others. Write a text that
explains why there were so many
casualties even when they were
warned
of a storm surge beforehand by
the officials. Use the cause and
effect pattern of development in
writing.
 CONCERN

O P T E MY N U N H C A G
C L I R S
 CAUSE

T UB NDAI Q E X L C
O M S P
 SCIENTIFIC

A T C I U N A MI Y I B F O S L C
E RT
PROBLEM-
SOLUTION
VII. Problem-Solution

- focuses on either a problem

or solution in a particular
area or situation
Signal Words for Problem-Solution
but the one solution
problem is
first, second the one way is
solution
nonetheless one reason
for the
 Example
-
 Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a marketing manager. You are to
send business proposals to your clients
about
a new product/service your company is
offering. Write the main text of the proposal
using the problem-solution pattern of
development. Your writing must be concise,
organized, and clear. Remember to use
language appropriate to your audience and
purpose. Use a professional tone
and positive words.
C O N V I N C E
NA S OP NUY V D C E V E W I
RC
C L A I M
L E R I MN Q A E K M D C
U T R
A R G U M E N T
U QE A GOR L N T D
P MR E I S A
E V I D E N C E
E T A MI S O D I N XE
T E N C Y V
F A C T
C I S E T U F
J BDAHGR
PERSUASIO N
f act
 VIII. Persuasion

- convinces readers to agree to

an argument or claim about a
particular topic.
 Signal Words for
Emphasizing a
Point
again in that to truly
case emphasiz
e
for this indeed to repeat with this
in mind
reason
in fact
 Signal Words for Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshell
all in all due to in on the therefore
conclusion
whole
as a result finally in short since thus

as I have in any in in to sum

said summary essence up
event
Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true obviously true
that

assuredly needless of course undoubtedly

to say
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably

granted
 Example
-
 Writing Activity
( Grou
You are an editor of a newpaper. You would
p) to a new government
like to react strongly
policy in the editorial section of the
newspaper. Your editorial must contain a
well-supported argumentative thesis, and
counter-arguments for opposing viewpoints.
It must also encourage a certain course of
action. The criteria in assessing your
editorial are its appeal to the readers,
accuracy of information, and adherence
to the style and format.