NETWORKING

BASIC NETWORKING
WHAT IS A NETWORK?

 Consist of two or more computer that are

linked in order to share resources, exchange
files or allow electronic communications.
LINKED THRU:

 Cables

 Telephone lines

 Radio waves

 Satellites

 Infrared light beams

BASIC TYPES OF NETWORKS:

 LAN

 MAN

 WAN
LAN – Local Area Network

Confined to a relatively small area or limited

to a geographic area
MAN – Metropolitan Area
Network
 Covers larger geographic area such as cities or
schools
WAN –Wide Area Network

 Connect larger geographic areas such as world

Dedicated Transoceanic Cabling or satellite

-used to connect the network
 OSI
MODEL
OSI Model

 APPLICATION SET

 LAYER 1 PHYSICAL
-the actual hardware. The physical
characteristic of the network such as connections
, voltage level and timing
OSI Model

 APPLICATION SET

 LAYER 2 DATA
-the appropriate physical protocol is assigned
to the data
-the foundation of the communication at the
data link layer.
-Data Link Control (DLC) protocols
-MAC (Media Access Control)
-device involves (“switches”)
Recap: of OSI Model

 APPLICATION SET

 LAYER 3 NETWORK (“routing / network” layer)

-the way that the data will be sent to recipient
device is determined . Logical protocols, routing
and addressing are handled here.
-Internet Protocol (IP)
-Fragments Frames to traverse different
networks
Recap: of OSI Model

 APPLICATION SET

 LAYER 4 TRANSPORT
-maintains flow control of data and provides
for error checking and recovery of data between
the devices.
-TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
-UDP (User D…. Protocol)
OSI Model

 APPLICATION SET

 LAYER 5 SESSION
-establishes, maintains and ends
communication with the receiving device
-duplexing
2 types
1. Full-duplex
2. Half-duplex
OSI Model

 APPLICATION SET

 LAYER 6 PRESENTATION
-takes the data provided by the application
layer and converts it into standard format that the
other layers can understand
OSI Model

 APPLICATION SET

 LAYER 7 APPLICATION
-layer that actually interacts with the
operating system or application whenever
the user chooses to transfer files, read
messages, or perform other network-related
activities
-device involves signaling, cabling, connector
 NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
WHAT IS A TOPOLOGY

 Two types of topology:

 Physical
 Refers to the layout of cables, computer
and other peripherals
 Logical
 Method used to pass the information
between the computers
TYPES OF PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES

 Bus

 Hub/Star

 Ring

 Mesh
Bus Topology

 Consists of main run of cable with a terminator at

each end.

 All nodes are connected to the linear cable.

STAR Topology

 Designed with each node connected directly to a

central network hub or concentrator.
RING Topology

 Computers are connected on a single circle of cable

 No terminated ends
 UNSHIELDED
TWISTED PAIR
(UTP)
PRIMARY LAN MEDIA
 CONDUCTED
 Unshielded Twisted Pair
 Shielded Twisted Pair
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic

 WIRELESS
 Microwave Radio
 Broadcast Radio
 Spread Spectrum Radio
 Infrared Light
UTP CABLE

 Is the most certainly by far the most popular

network cable around the world.
UTP CATEGORIES

 Category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
-a specification for the type of copper wire and
jacks.

-refers to the revision of the specification and

in practical terms refers to the number of twists
inside the wire
Category 1

-typically a telephone wire

-not capable of supporting computer network traffic

and is not twisted.
Category 2-7

-network wire specifications

-can support computer network and telephone traffic

CATEGORY DATA RATE USAGE

1 1 Mbps Traditional telephone and ISDN-Modem

2 4 Mbps Token Ring

3 10 Mbps Token Ring and 10BASE-T

4 16 Mbps Token Ring

5 100 Mbps 10 Mbps Ethernet, 1000 Mbps Fast Ethernet and Token
Ring

5e 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

6–7 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

WIRING THE UTP
CABLES
2 POPULAR WIRING SCHEMES

 T-568A
 Supposed to be the standard for new installation

 T-568B
 An acceptable alternative
 Today’s standard.
MODULAR PLUG

 Rj-45 -standard connector used in utp

cables except category 1

-8 conductor cables with 8 pins

Rj-11 -modular plug used in category 1

-used in telephone wire
T-568A
PIN WIRE COLOR

1 WHITE GREEN

2 GREEN

3 WHITE ORANGE

4 BLUE

5 WHITE BLUE

6 ORANGE

7 WHITE BROWN

8 BROWN
T-568B
PIN WIRE COLOR FUNCTION PAIR
1 WHITE ORANGE TRANSMITTED DATA + 2
2 ORANGE TRANSMITTED DATA - 2
3 WHITE GREEN RECEIVED DATA + 3
4 BLUE PAIR 1 1
5 WHITE BLUE PAIR 1 1
6 GREEN RECEIVED DATA - 3
7 WHITE BROWN 4
8 BROWN 4
2 TYPES OF CABLE FOR
10/100BASE-T
 STRAIGHT THRU CABLE
 Used in peer-to-peer networking
 Used in connecting from PC to Hub
 Used in connecting two hubs with an uplink port

 CROSS-OVER CABLE
 Used in connecting PC to PC networking
 Used to connect two hubs in the absence of uplink
port
STRAIGHT THRU CABLE

 Both end of the cable uses the same wiring

schemes either:

 T568 A <<<<->>>> T568A

 T568B <<<<->>>> T568B

CROSS-OVER CABLE

 end of the cable has dissimilar wiring schemes

 T568 B <<<<->>>> T568A or vice-versa

ETHERNET CABLE SUMMARY
SPECIFICATION CABLE TYPE MAXIMUM LENGTH
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100 meters
10Base2 Thin Coaxial 185 meters
10Base5 Thick Coaxial 500 meters
10BaseF Fiber Optic 2000 meters
100BaseT UTP 100 meters
100BaseTX UTP 220 meters
TOOLS AND MATERIALS:

 UTP Cable Cat5

 Crimper

 Cable Tester

 Wire stripper

 Modular Plug –RJ45

CRIMPER

 is a tool designed to crimp or connect a

connector to the end of a cable. For example,
network cables and phone cables are created
using a crimping tool to connect the RJ-
45and RJ-11 connectors to the end of the
cable
NETWORK CABLE TESTER

 is an electronic device used to verify the

electrical connections in a cable or other
wired assembly
Checking Cable using cable
tester:
Straight-thru Cross-over
Master Remote Master Remote
1 1 1 3
22 2 6
3 3 3 1
44 4 4
5 5 5 5
66 6 2
7 7 7 7
88 8 8
Wire Stripper

 simple manual wire stripper is a pair of

opposing blades much like scissors or wire
cutters
NETWORKING
DEVICES
NETWORKING DEVICES

 NIC

 HUBS

 SWITCHES

 ROUTER

 MODEM
NIC – Network Interface Card

 Required to a PC to make them ready for network

use

FACTORS TO CONSIDER:
 Speed of your hub, switch –Ethernet or fast Ethernet
 Type of connection you need –Rj-45 for twisted or BNC
for coaxial
 Bus Architecture
HUB

 Sometimes used to refer to any piece of

network equipment that connects PC’s
together but actually serve as repeater.

 Use to extend a network

SWITCH

 Reduces the amount of the unnecessary

traffic

 Divide the network into smaller, less

congested sections
Routers

 checks the data packet for its destination

address and protocol format details

 forward data packets across computer

networks
Modems

 (modulator-demodulator) is a device that

modulates an analog carrier signal to
encode digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier signal to decode
the transmitted information.

 The goal is to produce a signal that can be

transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce
the original digital data
TYPES OF LAN
2 MAJOR TYPES OF LAN

 PEER-TO-PEER

 CLIENT/SERVER
PEER-TO-PEER

 Network set up that allow users to share

resources and files located on their
computer and to access shared resources
found on other computer.

 All computer are considered equal

 No dedicated server needed

ADVANTAGES:
 Less Initial expense
 Easy to set up

DISADVANTAGES:
 Decentralized
 Unsecured
CLIENT/SERVER

 Network set up that allow the network to

centralize functions and applications in one or
more dedicated file server.
ADVANTAGES
 Centralized
 Resources and data security are controlled through a server
 Scalability
 Any or all elements can be replaced individually as need
increaser
 Flexibility
 New technology can be easily integrated into the system
 Interoperability
 All components work together
 Accessibility
 Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple
platforms
DISADVANTAGES

 Expense
 Requires initial investment in dedicated server
 Maintenance
 Large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient
operation
 Dependence
 When server goes down, operation will cease across
the network
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

 Coordinates the activities of multiple

computers across a network.

 Acts as a director to keep the network

running smoothly
Examples of NOS

 Appleshare

 LANtastic

 Microsoft Windows NT Server

 Microsoft Windows for Workgroup

 Novell Netware
APPLESHARE

 Apple Computer’s networking solution.

 Includes both server and workstation

software
LANtastic

 Powerful, inexpensive program with good

interface for DOS and Windows

 Best security for industries

MICROSOFT WINDOWS FOR WORKGROUP

 Peer to peer networking version of windows

 Allows client only workstation and server only

workstations
MICROSOFT WINDOWS NT SERVER

 An enhanced version of Windows NT that

provides a powerful client/server network
operating system.

 Contains all of the features of Windows NT

including capabilities as an application server
and multitasking.
Novell Netware

 Most popular client/server operating program

available on the market

 Has a file by file compression which allows

system to hold more online data by
compressing files that are frequently
accessed or used.
COMMON PROTOCOLS

 Ethernet
 Local Talk
 Token Ring
 FDDI
 ATM
ETHERNET

 By far the most widely used

 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) –

access method used by the ethernet
FAST ETHERNET

 Requires the use of different, more expensive

network concentrators/hubs and network
interface cards.
GIGABIT ETHERNET

 Primarily used for backbones on a network

 Transmission speed is 1Gbps

 Used fiber optic cabling and copper

LOCALTALK

 Network protocol that was developed by

Apple Computer, Inc. for Mac computers.

 Uses CSMA/CA (CSMA with collision

Avoidance)
FDDI

 Fiber Distributed Data Interface

 Used primarily to interconnected two or more

local area networks often large distances

 Access method used is token ring.

ATM

 Asynchronous Transfer Mode

 Network protocol that transmits data at a

speed of 155 Mbps and higher.
IP ADDRESS

 Internet Protocol

 Is a unique identifying number of a machine

and normally expressed in decimal format as
a dotted number.

 Four groups of numbers separated by dots

and each group is called octets.
 NETWORK CLASSESS
CLASS TYPE NETWORK RANGE DEFAULT SUBNET MASK
Class A 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 255.0.0.0
Class B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0
Class C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0