Contents of presentations

Case studies

References
 The Other name of Geofabrics is Geo synthetics.

Geotextiles/ Geo-fabrics are permeable fabrics which,

when used in association with soil, have the ability to
separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain.
History
Textiles were used in roadway construction in the days of the
Pharaohs (ruler in ancient Egypt) to stabilize roadways and
their edges.
It is versatile and cost-effective ground modification materials.
Babylonians constructed
Ziggurat (Temple) in
Mesopotamia
3000 years ago used
natural fiber
for reinforcement
 History
The Great Wall of China ,
completed circa 200 BC,
used tamarisk branches
with mixture of clay for
reinforcement.
 RAW MATERIAL
 Natural fibers which are commonly used are jute
(Ptsun), flax, coconut matting, cotton and straw.
 Geotextiles are made from polypropylene, polyester,
polyethylene and fiberglass.
Polypropylene and polyester are mostly used .
TYPES OF GEOTEXTILE
 Woven

 Non-woven

 Knitted
FUNCTIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS

1) Separation
2) Filtration
3) Reinforcement
4) Drainage
5) Erosion control

.
 The placement of a flexible
geosynthetic material,
like a porous geotextile,
between dissimilar materials

The integrity and functioning

of both materials can remain
intact or even be improved.

Paved roads, unpaved roads, and

 railroad bases are common applications
Filtration
 Filtration is the
equilibrium soil-to-
geotextile interaction

 Allows for adequate liquid

flow without soil loss
 Filtration applications are
highway under drain
systems, retaining wall
drainage, landfill leachate
collection systems.
Reinforcement
 Geo-fabrics/cell are good in
tension

 soil is good in compression,

but poor in tension

 Mechanically stabilized and

retained earth walls and
steep soil slope.
Erosion control
Erosion
protection of a
surface water
drainage
channel with
geo-mats
As shown in
figure
Schematic Example
Geomats are installed on
the slopes and at the bottom
of an earth channel

1 - Erodible soil 5 - Nail

2 - Top soil 6 - Vegetation
3 - Geomat 7 - Concrete lining
4 - Geocell 8 - Concrete wedge
IMPLICATED EXAMPLES WORLDWIDE
 Palm Jumeirah Island,
Dubai
Beijing Olympics
Architecture
Levees in New
Orleans, Hurricane
Katrina
WORLD CONSUMPTION OF GEOTEXTILES
AREAS WHERE GEOTEXTILES ARE USED IN
PAKISTAN
 Pakistan Motorway M-1 (Islamabad-Peshawar)
Geotextiles are laid at 7th - 8th Km portion of road
Peshawar Toll Plaza.

 Karakorum highway. At some places where soil

remains under wet conditions or land is too soft.

 Merani dam Baluchistan

 Sabakzai dam project Baluchistan

 AREAS WHERE GEOTEXTILE CAN BE USED IN
PAKISTAN
 • For constructing of roads where heavy traffic is more.

 The use of Geo-Textiles can increase the road life by 10 to

15 years and reduce cost

 For lining of canals and dams to prevents water leakage by

using Geo-Membrane clay liners.

 Floating covers for water reservoirs in Pakistan to prevent

evaporation of water.

 Water transport utilizing Geo-Membranes.

Case Study 1
Felixstowe, Suffolk - Flood protection revetment.

Site: Felixstowe Ferry, Suffolk
Client: Environment Agency, Anglia Region
Consultant: Rossford Haskoning
Contractor: Van Oord ACZ
Product: GEO fabrics HPS7
Quantity: 2300 Geobags
 A new concrete block revetment was installed along
Felixstowe on the River Deben

 The treatment was done to deal with potential flooding.

 This flooding could cause serious damage to the sensitive

landscape.
 Flood could undermine other sea defenses and, ultimately,
change the estuary mouth of the River Deben.
The previous revetment had failed due to scouring at the
toe. because of the very fast flowing River Deben.

A novel system of using Geo-bags in the toe, filled with local

materials, was employed as shown in figure.

.
Fine particle was kept in geo-bags.
These bags would allow water flow through the bags as
quickly as in sand without loss of fine materials

Due to its’ high strength; as the bags could potentially be hit

by sailing boats at low tides
Case Study 2 in FUTA
 Case Study is use of geo-fabrics, to strengthen foundation of a
flexible pavement

 6 soil samples were collected from FUTA (Fedral University of

technology Akure in Nigeria) environs.

 All soil tests such as NMC, sieve analysis, compaction & CBR
test were performed to determine the geotechnical properties.

 Flexible pavement model using tested soil samples was

constructed with the Geo-textile material incorporated.
The slope of the model was 4% to serve as camber
and for proper drainage.

 The average moisture content of the 3 soil samples used

as sub-grades in the model without Geo-textile were
31%, 27% and 24%
 same external weather conditions of rainfall and
sunshine for 8 weeks

 The average moisture content of the 3 soil samples used

as sub-grades in the model with Geo-textile were 25%,
20% and 18%
Conclusion of case study
 3 soil samples with Geo-textile had lower moisture
content and the sub-bases were properly separated
from their respective sub-grades
References
ASTM (1994), Annual Books of ASTM Standards, American
Society Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Volume 4.08 (1), Soil and Rock. Volume 4.08 (2)
David Rigby Associates (2009) Retrived January 20,2009,from
www.davidrigby-associates.com
Engineering use of geotextiles, 20 July 1995ARMY TM 5-818-8Air
force AFJMAN 32-1030 Technical manual . WASHINGTON, DC,
20 July 1995.
K.R.Lekha,Geotex,Geomembrane22(2004) pp.399-413
Keener , R. M., 1993Designing with Geosynthetics, Third edition,
Prentice Hall.
P R Rankilor 28 May-1st June 1977,Designing with Terram, a
Technical design manual published by ICI fibers Terramdivision,