Behavior Based Safety & Mine Safety: Presented by

Behavior Based Safety & Mine Safety
Presented By
Green Circle, Inc.

Integrated HSEQR Consulting Engineers, Scientists & Trainers
(An ISO: 9001, 17025/NABL, 14001 & 45001 Certified Organization)
INDIA’s Reputed EHS Consultants & NABL Approved Environment Laboratory & QCI NABET Accredited EIA Consultants
India
www.greencircleinc.com Email: info@greencircleinc.com
About Trainer
Mr. Pradeep Joshi - Group President & CEO
GREEN CIRCLE INC.,
Integrated HSE Engineers, Scientists & Trainers
(An ISO: 9001, 17025/NABL, 14001 & 45001 Certified Organization)
&
ENVERGY PROJECTS LTD.,
Turnkey Solutions in Environment & Energy
&
International Waste Research & Technology Centre
Transforming waste to opportunities
BSc (Chem),MSc(Env), Risk Engineer (Australia),MIIE, ADIS, Research Scholar (PhD Program), Lead Auditor in ISO 14001 & 45001, Member
– Australian EHS , Auditors , Accredited EHS Auditor in Singapore & Safety Passport IEC 61511.
37+ yrs of experience in the field of Environment , Functional Safety , Process Safety, Risk Assessment & Safety , Conducted 1500+ training
programs ,QRA, HAC, Static Charge, , Fire Prevention & Control, HIRA, PSM,ZAP & HazOp
2 www.greencircleinc.com info@greencircleinc.com
Objectives/Learning Outcomes
On completion of this training program you will be able to understand
 Enhance your ability to effectively manage a safety & health program
Safety
 Develop Skills in safety supervision, leadership & evaluation
Health
 Identify & list safety & health training needs Environment
 Assess & measure a safety & health culture
 Effectively measure a safety culture program after implementation
 Emergency preparedness
Healthy
Economics
What is Behaviour?
 Behaviour is what a person does or says.
 What causes a person to take this particular behavior or course of action depends on
other influencing factors.
 Attitude and situational conditions cause the particular behaviour.
 What influence behaviour:-
 Motivation
 Intelligence
 Emotions
 Experience
 Attitude
 Situational Conditions
Attitude
 When a persons attitudes changes, his or her behaviour will typically follow.
 When you eliminate every other reason for unacceptable behaviour, what is left
it attitudinal.
 Motivation changes attitude and attitude drives behaviour.
What is Behaviour Base Safety?
 A process that creates a safety partnership between management & employees
that continually focuses people’s attentions & actions on their, and others, daily
safety behaviour.
 BBS “focuses on what people do, analyzes why they do it, and then applies a
research-supported intervention strategy to improve what people do”.
Why Behaviour Based Safety?
 Injuries are going up.
 Most traditional safety programs plateau.
 To achieve zero accidents we need to change over thinking.
 96% of injuries are a result of unsafe behaviours.
 Measurements of incidents & injuries are reactive.
 Measurements of behaviours is proactive.
 Behaviours modification is dealing with the root cause.
 Cultural Change
 Stop the accident cycle.
Behaviour Base Safety Process
 It is a process through which work groups can identify, measure & change their
behaviours.
 This applies principles of ABC behaviour model.
 Traditional behaviour-based safety approaches:-
1. Identify unsafe behaviours.

2. Train workforce to observe.
3. Praise safe behaviour, feedback at-risk behaviour.
4. Use statistics to develop interventions.
5 Stages in Behavioural Approach
Factors That Affect The Behaviour
1. Taking Shortcuts
 Time Pressure
 Culture of Production over Safety
2. Complacency/Habit
 Distractions
 Managers not “walking the talk”
3. Fatigue
 Poor shift scheduling
 High workload
Contd..
4. Lack of Risk Perception
 Issues on mind
 Inadequate communication
 Poor visual cues
5. Human Error
 Lack of training
 Poor procedures
 Poor machine use ability
Key Principles
 All injuries can be prevented. Our goal is zero incidents.
 Management is accountable for preventing occupational injuries & illness.
 Safety is a condition of employment.
BBS-Objectives
• The benefits of behavior-based systems.

• The basic principles of how to motivate safe behavior.
• A company’s readiness for behavior-based safety.
• Compare and contrast the different behavior-based
systems on the market today.
Behavior Based Safety
Contd..
• Behaviour-Based Safety (BBS) is the "application of science

of behaviour change to real world problems". or "A process that creates
a safety partnership between management and employees that continually
focuses people's attentions and actions on theirs, and others, daily safety
behaviour."
Basic Behavior Principles
• Safety in the workplace is a combination of three measurable components:
• Workplace accidents can be eliminated Only when these three elements are
combined .
Basic Behavior Principles
• The person component consists of the employees:-
• Physical capabilities, Physical
Capabilities
• Experience
• Training Training Experience
• The work environment represents:- Engineerin

g Controls
• Engineering Controls,
• Equipment, Work
The work
Culture Environme Equipment
• Job task, and nt

• The work culture Job Task
Behavior Based Safety
What is it? What is it Not!
1. An excellent tool for collecting data on 1. Only about observation and
the quality of a company’s safety feedback
management system. 2. Concerned only about the
2. A scientific way to understand why Safety Psychology behaviors of line employees
people behave the way they do when
System (People) 3. A substitution for traditional risk
it comes to safety. management techniques
BB
3. Properly applied, an effective next S 4. About cheating & manipulating
step towards creating a truly pro- people & aversive control
active safety culture where loss
Management 5. A focus on incident rates without a
prevention is a core value.
(Culture) focus on behavior
4. Conceptually easy to understand but
often hard to implement and sustain. 6. A process that does not need
employee involvement
Why Behavior Based Safety is Required?
Human behavior causes most accidents
• Comfort
• Saving Time
• Convenience
• Lack of understanding and training
• Complacency
• Wrong Safety focus
• Celebrating production over safety
BBS Benefits
• Improve Quality.
• Improve Absenteeism.
• Maintain a Healthier Work Force.
• Reduce Injury and Illness Rates.
• Acceptance of High-Turnover Jobs.
• Workers Feel Good About Their Work.
• Reduce Workers’ Compensation Costs.
• Elevate SAFETY to a Higher Level of Awareness.

How Accident can occur?
(Sequence of accident)
Anatomical
Physiological
Unsuitability
Unsafe Act
Physiological
Characteristics
Fault Accident Injury
Lack of Knowledge/ Skills

Unsafe
Condition
Improper Physiological /
Mechanical/
Environment Condition
Unsafe Acts:
• Operating without authority
• Making safety devices incorporative
• Using unsafe tools & equipment
• Using tools & equipment unsafely
• Taking unsafe position or posture
• Taking unnecessary risk
• Failure to use P.P.E.
• Proper P.P.E. for particular job.
• Distracting, teasing, abusing, horse playing etc.

Management Commitment
 Formalizing a safety and health policy.
 Setting clear goals and objectives.
 Being a very visible "safety cheerleader."
 Holding the company and individuals

accountable for safety performance.
 Providing recognition.
Principles of Employee Involvement
 Principle #1: Above all there must be a climate of mutual
trust and respect.
 Principle #2: Employees must know the big picture.
 Principle #3: Diversity must be valued.
 Principle #4: Managers must let go of control.
 Principle #5: Fear has no role in employee involvement.
 Principle #6: There must be a strong climate of open

communication.
 Principle #7: Reinforce and give credit to employees who
get involved.
Effective Communication
 Importance of Effective communication is
necessary
 Reduced risk in the workplace
 Greater efficiency in production
 Improved cohesion and engagement
 Communication fuels innovation
 Better client relationships.
Accident Analysis
Behavior- Based psychology
Complexity Of human Behavior
 The five complexities framework is a framework which has been useful for
improving the management of the organizational complexities.
 Operational Complexity
 Outcome Complexity
 Environmental Complexity
 Stakeholder Complexity
 Organizational Complexity
Critical behavior checklist
 Understand the ABC Model
 Examine Past Incidents and Near Misses
 Practice Positive Reinforcement
 Apply People-focused Interventions
 Streamline the Reporting Process
Contd..
At Risk Behavior
 There are 3 types of at-risk behavior:
 Conscious
 Habitual
 Unintentional
 BBS is about unintentional behavior and habitual behavior
Psychological Factors
 Stress
 Tiredness
 Fear
Leading to Unintentional Behavior

 Illness
 Fatigue
 Ergonomic
 Culture
Unintended Behavior
Contd..
Why is Culture Important?
 It is an atmosphere we work in
that shapes our behavior.
 Unwritten rules that define what’s

really important in an organization
 Invisible force that largely dictates

the behavior of employees &
management
Importance of BBS in Mining
 Behavior Based Safety (BBS) or behavioral safety
approach helps in building a robust safety culture of

an organization.
 It helps in reducing accidents at the workplace and their
associated human costs (if it is death or injury) and

financial costs (damages to equipment, materials,
products, etc.)
How BBS can be Implemented
 BBS can be implemented in the following 3 phases:
 Detection phase: In this phase, the Baseline Assessment is conducted.
 Intervention phase: This phase is based on the outcome of the detection phase,
where analysis is done and interventions are planned at the micro-level. Safety
motivation and awareness courses are conducted for the employees.
 Monitoring and measurement phase: This phase undergoes the process of
periodic monitoring and action planning.
Roles of Leadership in BBS Implementation
 The success of a BBS program depends on the safety leaders as they are
responsible for promoting, modeling and reinforcing the safety programmes of

their organization
 Safety leaders’ commitment to safety in their daily lives displayed by their
Application of Behaviour Based Safety in Mines 9 behaviour and actions

influence their subordinates and peers to inculcate safety as a priority
BBS Implementation steps
 Ensure safety as a top priority in the organization
 Conduct and attend safety meetings
 Participate in potential severity assessment
 Review unsafe acts and conditions of others
 Follow H&S rules
 Understand H&S risks and take decisions
 Take a detail site visit
 Engage individually with team members on safety
 Train people on H&S
 Conduct lesson learnt sessions from incidents at other mines
Contd..
 Review key safety standard during site assessment
 Involve in safety orientation of new hire
 Start all meetings with a safety theme
Role of Safety Culture in BBS Implementation
 Safety culture encompasses shared values and beliefs of the organization and
its people
 Safe working habits of the employees
 Proactive actions by management on safety
 Top management involvement in safety programmes
 Discussion on errors to prevent reoccurring
 Ensuring the safety of the contractual employees
 Sense of responsibility for the safety of others
 Safety as a core value of the organization
 Ensuring regular feedback on safety
 Prioritization of accident awareness and prevention measures
Unsafe Mining Acts
Introduction
 Mining is a hazardous profession associated with high level of accidents &
injuries.
 According to directorate general of mine safety report of accident statistics:
 117 & 107 Fatalities
 509 & 52 serious injuries in 2010.
 Several causes starting from personal to sociotechnical factors are responsible
for such high injury experience rates in mines.
Definitions
 Lost time injury (LTI): A work injury that results in an absence from work for at
least one full day or shift any time after the day or shift on which the injury occurred
 Serious injury: A lost time injury that results in the injured person being disabled for
a period of two weeks or more.

 Minor injury: A lost time injury that results in the injured person being disabled for
a period of less than two weeks

 Incidence rate: The number of lost time injuries per 1000 employees for a 12 month
period
Contd..
 Fatal injury incidence rate: The number of fatal injuries per 1000 employees
for a 12 month period

 Lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR): The number of lost time injuries per
million hours worked

 Duration rate: The average number of workdays lost per injury
 Injury index: The number of workdays lost per million hours worked
 Serious injury frequency rate: The number of serious injuries per million hours
worked
Mineral Resources
 India is endowed with significant valuable mineral resources.
 India produces 89 minerals out of which 4 are fuel minerals, 11 metallic, 52
non-metallic and 22 minor minerals.
 The metallic production is accounted for by iron-ore, copper-ore, chromite
and/or zinc concentrates, gold, manganese ore, bauxite, lead concentrates.
 Amongst the non-metallic minerals, more than 90 percent of the aggregate
value is shared by limestone, magnesite, dolomite, barytes, kaolin, gypsum,
apatite & phosphorite, steatite and fluorite
Constitutional Obligation
 Article 24
 “No Child Below The Age Of Fourteen Years Shall Be Employed To Work In Any
Factory Or Mine Or Engaged In Any Other Hazardous Employment”
 Article 39
 “The State Shall, In Particular, Direct Its Policy Towards Securing -
• (E) That The Health And Strength Of Workers, Men And Women, And The Tender
Age Of Children Are Not Abused And That Citizens Are Not Forced By Economic
Necessity To Enter A Vocations Unsuited To Their Age Or Strength;”
Contd..
 Article 42
 “The State Shall Make Provision For Securing Just And Humane Conditions Of
Work And For Maternity Relief”
Mines Safety Legislation in India Background
 1890, International Labour Conference, Berlin
 Issues related to improvement in the working condition of miners taken

up
 Govt. of UK requests Govt. of India to consider advisability of undertaking
legislation for inspection of mines in general and coal mines in particular
 1894
 Preliminary study of mining conditions in India by one HM Inspector of
Mines
Contd..
 Committee appointed by the Govt. of India to
 Frame suitable legislation to afford full protection to persons working in
mines in such matters in which they have a reasonable claim on the State
for protection
Contd..
 22nd March, 1901
 First Indian Mines Act enacted
 1923
 New Indian Mines Act 1923 comes into force
 1952
 The Mines Act 1952 supersedes earlier legislation
 1959 & 1983
 Major changes incorporated in the Act through amendments
Rules And Regulations Framed Under
The Mines Act, 1952
Rules & Regulations Applicability
The Coal Mines Regulations, 1957 Coal Mines
The Metalliferous Mines regulations,1961 Non-coal
The Oil Mines Regulations, 1984 Oil & Gas
The Mines Rules, 1955 All Mines
Mines Rescue Rules, 1984 All Mines
Mines Vocational Training Rules, 1966 All Mines
Mines Creache Rules, 1966 All Mines
Mine Safety Technology & Training
Commission - NMA
Risk UG Mine Escape-

Training
Mgmt Comm. Rescue Protect
“The commission recommends that every mine should

employ a sound risk-analysis process, should conduct a risk
analysis, and should develop a management plan to address
the significant hazards identified by the analysis.”
Risk Management’s Role in a Safety Culture
of Prevention
 At least some appropriate method for identifying hazards; assessing the related
risk; and then developing and implementing a plan to manage them is
necessary.
 Some approaches to managing risks are not so formal
Risk Management Throughout The
Company
Corpor- Mine- Super- Workers

ation Plant visors
• Clear policy • Endorse policy • Commit to policy • Follow policy
• Consider risks • Consider risks • Consider risks • Understand & treat risks
• Enable people • Enable people • Enable people • Faithful task execution
• Reinforcement • Reinforcement • Communication • Communication
Safety
Accident Ratio
Accident Caused in Indian Mines
Contd..
Mine Accident Causes
 Age Group:
 <40 years – Energetic but not consistent
 >50 years – Lethargic due to age
 Timing Group:
 Change of shift- quick escape
 Night shift-sleeping tendency or poor light
 OT hours without rest
 Change of Occupation
 Unauthorized work, deployment.
 Lack of knowledge/skill, confidence, conception of work
Contd..
 Unsafe Act
 Act itself is risky
 No correction
 No safe workplace design
 No safety guidance
 Unsafe Condition
 Condition left uncorrected
 Unsupported workplace
 Unobserved safety standards
Contd..
 Stress/strain/mental imbalance – Exposure to high risk man made
uncontrolled phenomenon to compel persons to live on high stress level.
 Work Stress
 Production stress
 Behavioral stress
 Boss knows the best syndrome
 Overwork
 Exhaustion
 Influence of drink
Cost of Accident
 Cost to injures
 Pain & suffering to the injured & his family.
 Loss of wages
 Loss of earning capacity
 Loss of account of permanent disablements
 Cost to the management
 Direct cost – Compensation & medical expenses
 Indirect cost – damages to m/c& property, loss of production, loss time of
the injured.
Contd..
 Cost to the society
 Cost of providing hospital & rehabilitation charges.
 Maintenance of dependence of the injured/killed.
 Payment of increased cost of production.
 Hidden Cost
 Damage to plant & machinery
 Loss of material
 Loss of production due to stoppage of machine
 Loss of production by aftermath of accidents
 Loss of business
Impact of Accidents
 One major accident one shift disturbed
 One serious accident one day disturbed
 One fatal accident one week disturbed
 One disaster one year disturbed
 One major disturbed 10 years or more disturbed
Prevention Action on Safety
 Desire to prevent all major injuries ensures safety
 Effective discipline promotes safety
 Injuries should be prevented for which mind-set is required
 Line supervisors are the back-bone to observe safety
 Every employee has to be made conscious
 Protective equipment help safety
Corrective Action on Safety
 Engineering Revision
 Guards, fences, interlocking at proper places
 Instructions, persuasion, appeals, training
 Both theoretical & practical
 Personal Adjustments
 Aptitude – both physical & mental
Accident Prevention
 A self regulatory & goal setting system
 Fit for purpose equipment
 Suitable work method
 Controlled work environment
 Locate & control hazards
 Risk assessment & control
 Review of SOP’s, Do’s & Don’ts
 Interactive control system
 Two way communication
 Active participation of workmen’s inspector & safety committee members
Accident Control
 Routine inspection & remedial measures
 High standard of discipline
 Reliability of m/c & simplicity of operation
 Maintaining various safety devices
 Safety at shop level
 Identification of black spots
Treatment Control & Action Plan
 Elimination: remove step to eliminate the hazard completely.
 Substitution: replace with less hazardous material, substance or process
 Separation: isolate hazard from person by guarding, space or time separation
 Administration: Adjusting the time or conditions of risk exposure.
 Training: improving skills making tasks less hazardous to persons involved.
 PPE: used as the last report, approximately designed where other controls are
not practicable.
OHS Structure
Injuries by Mineral Mined During 2006–07
Nature of Injury
Part of Body
Location Of Accident
Type of Accident
Core Conventions Of ILO
 Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)
 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No.105)
 Equal Remuneration Convention (No.100)
 Discrimination (Employment Occupation) Convention (No.111)
 Freedom of Association and Protection of Right to Organised Convention
(No.87)
 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (No.98)
 Minimum Age Convention (No.138)
 Worst forms of Child Labour Convention (No.182)
Standards
 ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005
 ISO 9001: 2008(E)
 OHSAS 18001: 2007
 ILO-OSH 2001
 AS/NZS 4804: 2001
 In UK, AUS, S. Africa: must do it.
Common Elements (ILO)
 Policy aspects
 Participation
 Responsibility and accountability
 Competence and training
 Documentation
 Communication and information
 Initial review
 System planning, development and implementation
 H&S objectives
Contd..
 Hazard identification and risk assessment; preventive and protective measures
 Performance monitoring and measurement
 Investigation of work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and incidents, and

their impact on H&S performance
 Audit
 Management review
 Preventive and corrective action
 Continual improvement
Factors Affecting Mining Safety
 Mining labour shortage
 The cyclical nature of mining and high retirement rates from experienced
workers means there are times in which interest doesn’t meet the demand for
labor.
 Shortages of trained personnel.
 Shortage of qualified and experienced personnel to operate heavy machinery.
Contd..
 Mental health
 If a mining team is mentally unhealthy, this is a safety hazard.
 To be at their best, miners need to be in a fit mental and emotional state as well
as physical.
 Proper Implementation of Mine Safety Appliances and Equipment
 It’s one thing to have new, modern safety management systems and advanced
procedures to curb mining hazards.
Areas of Mine Safety
 Here are typical areas of safety when discussing mine safety:
 Occupational Safety & Health
 Process & Production Safety
 Workplace Safety
 Fire & Explosion Safety
 Structural Safety
 Environmental Safety
Tips for mine safety
 Prioritize Planning
 Taking time to calculate the best approach can help the process to go more
smoothly and protect the well being of the whole crew.
 Maintain Rigorous Standards
 Exercising regular inspection and adherence to mining regulations can set
high expectations for workers.
Contd..
 Wear Personal Protective Gear
 Hard hats tailored to the nature and purpose of the mining project can
protect from severe injuries, as rock fall is a common cause of incidents.
 Pay Attention to Equipment Upkeep
 Dirt and grime can rapidly build up on tools, slowing them down and
compromising their systems. Wash and lubricate equipment to restore them

to their former quality.
Contd..
 Improve Visibility
 Dark pathways and work areas can put you in jeopardy because it's more
likely for you to make mistakes with low visibility.
 Take Lifting Precautions
 Working in confined spaces can require unusual positioning, and awkward
stances and motions can cause musculoskeletal injuries.
Contd..
 Manage Vibration and Noise Level
 Strategic drilling can ease the tremors, especially in techniques where buffer
holes are inserted in advance.
 Account for Harsh Temperatures
 The spectrum of temperatures that miners spend time in can impose stresses
on the body..
Contd..
 Ventilate Harmful Gases
 Effective ventilation systems can redirect the gases and increase air flow.
More air dilutes the gases to an acceptable and breathable proportion for
suitable air quality.
 Shut Down Old Shafts
 Mines need maintenance and reinforcement to sustain their structure, and
without care, the unused shafts deteriorate.
Contd..
 Implement Rock Burst Prevention Measures
 Environmental changes and human made blasts can shift rocks and dislodge
large pieces from rock walls. Falling rock can strike workers and induce
serious injuries, so it's beneficial to set up protective systems.
 Stay Aware of Fire Risks
 The materials in mines increase the possibility of fire, and if you're mining
coal or working in a gas-rich region, this elevates your risk for tragic
scenarios.
Contd..
 Watch for Dust Hazards
 Loose silica dust or coal particles can travel through the air in denser
portions than normal when mining.
 Vacuum devices, screens, transfer shoots and wet fan scrubbers can
capture the tiny bits and clear the air for workers.
 Keep Electrical Safety in Mind
 Mines use power tools, lights and other electrical equipment, which need
electricity. Sending electricity through these locations and transporting
machines litters the space with extension cords and wires.
Contd..
 Prepare for the Possibility of Slips and Falls
 Workers can also slip on liquid, mud or loose rock while walking, but high-
traction footwear can give you a better stance on uneven ground. Sizable
work boots might affect your gait, but they can keep you upright.
 Consider the Potential for Cave-Ins
 Cave-ins have been a prevalent accident in mining operations for years, and
they can be fatal. Weighing the likelihood of collapses in different scenarios

can develop awareness in mining crews.
Contd..
 Emphasize Communication
 Lines of communication should be handy so workers can warn others about
questionable areas or accidents as soon as possible.
 Take Advantage of Professional Training and Refreshers
 After learning the routine, workers can start to feel comfortable in their
roles, but they can also forget vital procedures. Their caution can wane as
they settle into the routine.
DGMS organization in India
 Central
 Western
 South
 South central
 South eastern
 Eastern
The Process Of Creating Safer Mines
 Safer mines are created through a combination of safety rules and regulations,
as well as technological equipment that reduces both hazards and risks.
 Mineral extraction and transport via automation and conveyor has reduced the
incidence of worker injuries, while GPS location and proximity warning
technology have lowered the rate of transport accidents.
 Personal safety equipment has increased in both efficacy and transportability,
allowing miners to carry with them the protective gear needed at all times.
Contd..
 Advancements in communication have improved worker and supervisor
awareness to track movements and issue updates quickly to prevent accidents

through miscommunication or misinformation.
 Regular audits provided by the Mine Safety and Health Administration ensure
that mines are following federal safety regulations properly at all times.
 The right equipment is essential to maintaining worker safety in the mining
industry.
Accident Scenario
Safety issues in mining industries
 The safety issues facing the mining industry are vast.
 From occupational disease risks to the risk of severe injury or even death,
miners in Canada and across the globe face potential dangers while at work
every day.
 Exposure of dangerous chemicals
 Occupational diseases
 Injuries from heavy machineries
 Injuries from explosives
 Hearing loss
 Heat and UV exposure
Occupational Health Surveys
 Program for elimination of Silicosis and Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
 Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases in Coal Mines
 Musculoskeletal Disorders and Role of Ergonomic Factors
 Role of Physiological Factors and arduous working conditions in Sudden Cardiac

Death at work in Mines
 Prevalence of Noise Induced Hearing Loss among Mine Workers
 Prevalence of Manganese Poisoning in manganese mines
 Health status of persons employed in asbestos mines and processing mills
DGMS Strategic Plan 2011-15
 Elimination of Mine Disasters due to
 Inundation
 Explosion
 Spontaneous Heating and Fire
 Strata Failure
 Reduction in Fatal & Serious Accidents
 Accidents due to Roof & Side Falls
 Accidents due to Dumpers, Tippers & Earth Moving Machinery
 Accidents due to Fall of Objects & Person

Contd..
 Strategic Plan for the five years i.e. 2011-15 has been prepared with the
following objectives :
1. Improvement in Safety Conditions
2. Reduction in Accidents and Disasters
3. Introduction of New Technologies
4. Introduction of Risk Analysis and Safety Management System
5. Improvement in Occupational Health and Reduction in Incidence of
Occupational Diseases
6. Research and Development in Key Areas
7. Improvement in Conditions of Working in Un-Organised Sectors

Contd..
 Prevention of Dust Borne Diseases
 Checking and Review of Medical Examination Records
 Medical Surveillance in Unorganised Sector
 Engineering measures on dust control
 Investigation on Introduction of New Technology
 Continuous Miner- Shuttle Car Technology
 Long wall Technology
 High wall Mining

Contd..
 Slope and Dump Stability Problems of Opencast Mines
 Research and Development Projects
 Strata Control and Monitoring
 Mine Environment Control and Monitoring
 Risk Assessment and Risk Management System
 Response and Disaster Control & Management

Identifying Hazards
 Methods of finding workplace risks include:
 making up a risk checklist;
 looking around the workplace (walk-through surveys);
 looking over information from designers or manufacturers;
 looking at unsafe incidents, accident and injury data;
 looking at work processes;
 talking with workers;
 closely looking at and thinking about material safety data sheets (MSDSs)
and product labels; and
 asking for help from people who have special knowledge (specialist
practitioners, consultants and representatives).
Hazard Types
 Types of hazards and specific  Extremes of temperature: effects
examples include the following: of heat or cold.
 Gravity: falling objects, falls of  Radiation: ultraviolet, arc flashes,
people. microwaves, lasers.
 Kinetic energy: projectiles,  Noise: hearing damage.
penetrating objects.  Electrical: shock, burns.
 Hazardous substances: skin  Vibration: to hands and body.
contact, inhalation  Biological: micro-organisms.
 Thermal energy: spills and splashes  Stress: unrealistic workload and
of hot matter expectations.
Hazard Reporting
 Hazard reporting encourages workers to take a proactive approach to safety.
 It is mainly to get workers to ask about their jobs “What are the hazards?” or
“What can go wrong?” before an accident happens, and then find the likely
hazards and bring them to the attention of their supervisor or the manager.
 Reasons why this may happen include:
 disagreement over whether there is a hazard, or how bad it is;
 no one can think of or knows a way of controlling the hazard;
 disagreement over the best way to control the hazard;
 there is no time to fully control the hazard because workers are too busy

What is Hazard?
 A hazard is anything likely to cause damage to people, the environment,
property, machinery or equipment.

 Hazards may be related to:
 the work environment
 the way the work is organized
 the plant, equipment, tools or substances used
 lack of information, training and supervision;
 poor or ill-fitting personal protective equipment (PPE).

Assessing The Risk
 Talk to the supervisor of the work area to work out how dangerous the hazard is and
what can be done to solve the problem.

 To work out the level of risk, consider the:
 Severity of the consequences of an accident:
 Severity of the consequences of an accident:
 How many people are at risk?
 Likelihood of the accident happening:
 Has it happened before?
 How often might it happen?

Reducing The Risk
 Finding Ways To Control Risk
 The ways of reducing risks can be to:
 remove or reduce the risks of a hazardous work process;
 minimize the effects of injury or disease; and
 reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous substances, machinery (plant),
noise and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
 Fixing The Hazard
 When you do something to remove or lessen the risk from a hazard, you
might need help from the supervisor

Mine Hazard Control
 Control of Risk – General
 Elimination (or removal) is a lasting answer and should be tried first of all.
The hazard is eliminated altogether, for example, the elimination (removal)
of a hazardous work process or substance.
 Substitution is replacing the hazard by one that best has a lower risk. This
could be replacing a toxic substance with a less toxic substance.
 Engineering controls are ones that change how you move about in the
workplace or handle the machinery being used by putting a barrier or block
between yourself and the hazard.

Preferred Controls
 Controls are ways of doing things that reduce the hazard and risk to the health
or safety of people working there.
 The control of worker injury and disease should best be dealt with by:
 Design
 Substitution
 Redesign
 Separation
 Administration
 These controls are better than personal protective clothing at removing,
reducing or making the risk small.

Control Using Protective Equipment
 Protective clothing should only be used when other methods of control can’t be
used. When to wear protective clothing will depend on:
 the type of work or the work process done;
 what you know about an injury or disease that can be caused by doing the
work or process;
 what the company knows about ways of stopping injury or disease from any
special hazard or risk; and
 having good ways to prevent, remove or lessen injuries or diseases caused
by a hazard or risk.

High Risk Permits
 There are a number of jobs on mine sites that need high-risk permits. Some
examples of these are:
 Hot work
 Storing gas cylinders
 Isolating energy sources
 Working alone in hazardous area
 Working in confined spaces
 Working in high-voltage areas
 Working at heights
 Access to the workplace & machinery

Safety Signs
• Danger Signs

Contd..
 Warning Signs

Contd..
 Emergency Signs

Contd..
 Fire Safety Signs

Contd..
 Direction & Traffic Signs

Contd..
 Information Signs

Contd..
 Mandatory Signs

Contd..
 Prohibition Signs

Safe Operating Procedures
 For good health and safety, there needs to be a process set up for identifying
and assessing risks, and then developing measures to control these risks.
 One of the most important controls is to prepare work tasks, work instructions
and technical rules.

 These help to make sure that planning is done and that there are written
instructions on how to do the job because a lack of control could cause safety
problems

Process Control
 Safe work procedures should be set up for the operation of all machinery and
tasks that could cause safety problems.

 Mines should look at potential hazards and assess the risks of work processes.
 Written procedures and work instructions are then developed to manage work
processes, plant, equipment and materials in a safe way.

Job Safety Analysis
 Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is an important part of a safety program for stopping
work accidents and illnesses.

 The JSA technique is good way of getting employees to take part in assessing
safety and reducing accidents.

 A “job” is a number of steps done in a set order to do the task.
 JSA breaks a job down into steps and lists any hazards or risks which might be
found in each step.

Contd..
 The four basic steps to completing a JSA are as follows.
 Choose the job to be assessed.
 Work out the job steps or stages involved.
 Look at a person while they are doing the job.
 Find hazard controls.
 When the JSA has been done, it can be used tell the worker how to do the job,
and is ideal for training, since it shows an worker how to do the job in the best
and safest way.
Safe Work Procedures
 It is the employer’s job to provide the employee with safe work procedures,
and with education, training and supervision.

 Some safe procedure steps include:
 the task should be planned before work begins;
 employees should be trained in the skills needed;
 employees should be told about hazards;
 the area should be cleared to avoid bumping into or tripping over things; and
 suitable safety clothing should be given to workers and worn by them.

Contd..
 Safe work procedures should reduce lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling,
lowering, throwing, holding, or tasks using force. They should:

 remove unnecessary tasks;
 prevent double handling;
 prevent heavy carrying;
 provide rest breaks during heavy or repetitive work;
 provide shelf storage for heavier objects at waist level, smaller objects on
high or low shelves; and

Emergency Planning And Response
 Emergency Situations
 Emergencies could be things that have happened or that might be about to
happen, such as:
 serious injury to any person at the mine;
 a fire which is not readily controlled;
 spillage, loss or exposure to hazardous materials;
 a failure of the workings of the mine;
 any person trapped;
 an accidental explosion or ignition of dust;
 out-of-control machinery;
 natural disasters; and

Contd..
 Natural Disaster
 earthquake;
 flood;
 storm-rain, wind, lightning strike;
 bushfire.

Responsibilities Of Mine Operators
 identify emergency situations, and plan to reduce the chance of an emergency;
 develop and put in place procedures to stop emergencies happening;
 provide measures that will control an emergency;
 provide warning of an emergency;
 provide resources and training for workers to control emergencies;
 clearing the mine or part of the mine in the event of an emergency;

Fire
 Responsibility Of The Mine Operator
 Provide for the control of fires; and
 Develop procedures to ensure the safety of all people in the mine in the
event of an emergency.
 Basic Firefighting Principles
 For combustion to start three basic elements are required:
 oxygen;
 fuel; and
 Heat
 The removal of any one of these elements would generally result in the fire
going out.
Classes Of Fire
 Class A – Fires in which the fuel source is generally carbon compounds which
are organic in nature, such as wood, paper and plastics.
 Class B – Fires that involve flammable or combustible liquids or liquefiable
solids, such as petrol, kerosene, cooking oils and waxes.
 Class C – Fires involving flammable gases or liquefied gases, such as liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), propane and butane.
 Class E – Fires involving energized electrical equipment, such as circuit
boards and electrical appliances.
 Class F – Fires that involve cooking oils and fats

Fire Prevention
 No source of heat or naked flame should be left unprotected close to flammable
materials;
 Cutting, heating or welding of materials should only be done as specified in AS
1674
 Explosives should not be fired near flammable materials;
 Flammable waste material should not be allowed to gather, but be collected and
regularly removed from the mine;
 Store flammable and combustible substances in a safe place, such as fire proof
cabinets and compounds;
 Warning signs which comply with AS 1319 – 1994 “Safety Signs for the
Occupational Environment” should be put up
Contd..
 Provide fire hoses, alarm systems and sprinklers for local building regulations,
OH&S legislation, and codes of practice;

 Recording of regular checks and maintenance of all fire extinguishers, hoses
sprinklers, and alarm systems;

 Petrol or flammable fluids that may ignite (flash point less than 61.5°C) should
not be used for cleaning equipment

Fire Control
 Fire control planning and procedures might include the points noted below.
 Plans of the mine showing:
 the location of fire-fighting equipment;
 the ventilation directions in the mine; and
 the location of fresh air bases, emergency refuges, telephones and escape
routes in the mine.

 Fire escape routes and fire service points are kept free from obstruction at all
times.
Types Of Portable Extinguishers
 Water extinguisher – Colour Code Red
 Foam extinguisher – Colour Code Blue
 Dry chemical powder (DCP) – Colour Code Red with a Horizontal White Band
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) - Colour Code Red with a Horizontal Black Band.

Contd..

Manual Handling
 Manual handling is not just about lifting heavy objects; it includes any activity
requiring the use of force exerted by a person to lower, push, pull, hold or
restrain a person, animal or thing.
 Manual handling injuries include:
 strains and sprains;
 neck and back injury;
 slips, falls and crush incidents;

Contd..
 cuts, bruises and broken bones;
 hernia;
 strained heart muscles; and
 occupational overuse syndrome (OOS), once known as Repetitive Strain
Injury (RSI).
 The employee should be informed and trained in:
 safe manual handling methods;
 specific manual handling hazards;
 safe work procedures;
 safe work procedures; and
 the right to ask for help.
Selection Of Personal Protective Clothing
And Equipment
 As well as the detailed hazard evaluation, you must consider the following:
 Relevant Australian Standards, Codes of Practice and Regulations.
 A number of Australian standards provide guidance on the selection of
appropriate PPE (for example, AS 1270 1983 Hearing Protection Devices;

AS 1715 1982 Selection, Use and the Maintenance of Respiratory Protective
Devices).

Head Protection
 Safety Helmets
 Any persons likely to bump their heads or to be hit by falling objects must
wear protective helmets.
 These are compulsory for all employees, contractors and visitors in designated
Safety Helmet Areas.
 Attachments such as earmuffs, visors, lamp brackets and cable clips can be
fitted to safety helmets.
 Wide-brimmed hats will be required for employees working outdoors for the
protection from heat stress.

Contd..
 Eye Protection
 Safety spectacles with side shields should be used in all areas where there is the
possibility of eye damage from flying particles.

 Eye-protection equipment should comply with:
 AS 1336: Recommended Practices for Eye Protection in the Industrial
Environment;
 AS/NZS 1337: Eye Protectors for Industrial Applications; and
 AS/NZS 1338: Filters for Eye Protectors;

Contd..
 Hearing Protection
 AS 1269–Occupational Noise Management; and
 AS 1270–Acoustics–Hearing Protectors
 Earmuffs are the hearing protection choice in most workplaces.
 They are available in light, medium and high-performance models, depending
on the degree of sound attenuation required.

Contd..
 Respiratory Protection
 Respiratory protection must comply with Australian Standards:
 AS/NZS 1716–Respiratory Protective Devices; and
 AS/NZS 1715–Selection, Use and Maintenance or Respiratory Protective
Devices.
 Careful assessment of the respiratory hazard must be made to ensure the
correct degree of protection is given to employees.

Contd..

Contd..

Contd..
 Hand Protection
 Hand protection must comply with AS/NZS 2161 1-9 Occupational Protective
Gloves.
 Gloves are available in many different materials, depending on the protection
required (for example: cotton, rubber, PVC, viton, stainless steel mesh, kevlar,
leather. Selection must be based on the protection required for the particular
hazards involved

Contd..
 Foot Protection
 Foot protection must comply with a joint Australian & New Zealand Standards
AS/NZS 2210.1 to 9 2000/01 Occupational Protective Footwear.

 Safety footwear such as steel-capped boots, shoes or waterproof boots should
be compulsory, except where there is absolutely no risk of foot injury (for

example: offices, cafeterias or plant control rooms. A wide variety of styles and
fittings are available).

Contd..
 Body Protection
 Staff working close to machinery must wear close-fitting and close-fastened
garments that cannot get tangled in machinery. Do not wear jewellry or

personal ornaments near machinery.
 Advice on suitable clothing is in AS 3765.1 1990 Clothing for Protection
Against Hazardous Chemicals: Protection Against General or Specific

Chemicals and in AS 3765.2 1990

Contd..
 Fall Arrest Devices
 Fall arrest devices must comply with Australian Standards:
 AS/N25 1891 – 1983 Industrial Fall-Arrests Systems and Devices.
 Fall-arrest equipment should be designed and used to reduce the possibility of
injury if a worker falls

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Behavior Based Safety & Mine Safety

Green Circle, Inc.

 Identify & list safety & health training needs Environment

 Assess & measure a safety & health culture

 Effectively measure a safety culture program after implementation

research-supported intervention strategy to improve what people do”.

1. Identify unsafe behaviours.

• The benefits of behavior-based systems.

• Behaviour-Based Safety (BBS) is the "application of science

• Safety in the workplace is a combination of three measurable components:

• The work environment represents:- Engineerin

• Job task, and nt

• Maintain a Healthier Work Force.

• Reduce Injury and Illness Rates.

• Acceptance of High-Turnover Jobs.

• Workers Feel Good About Their Work.

• Reduce Workers’ Compensation Costs.

• Elevate SAFETY to a Higher Level of Awareness.

Lack of Knowledge/ Skills

• Making safety devices incorporative

• Using unsafe tools & equipment

• Using tools & equipment unsafely

• Taking unsafe position or posture

• Taking unnecessary risk

• Failure to use P.P.E.

• Proper P.P.E. for particular job.

• Distracting, teasing, abusing, horse playing etc.

 Setting clear goals and objectives.

 Being a very visible "safety cheerleader."

 Holding the company and individuals

 Principle #3: Diversity must be valued.

 Principle #4: Managers must let go of control.

 Principle #5: Fear has no role in employee involvement.

 Principle #6: There must be a strong climate of open

 Greater efficiency in production

 Improved cohesion and engagement

 Communication fuels innovation

 Better client relationships.

 Understand the ABC Model

 Examine Past Incidents and Near Misses

 Practice Positive Reinforcement

 Apply People-focused Interventions

 Streamline the Reporting Process

 BBS is about unintentional behavior and habitual behavior

Leading to Unintentional Behavior

 Unwritten rules that define what’s

 Invisible force that largely dictates

approach helps in building a robust safety culture of

associated human costs (if it is death or injury) and

 Detection phase: In this phase, the Baseline Assessment is conducted.

 Monitoring and measurement phase: This phase undergoes the process of

periodic monitoring and action planning.

responsible for promoting, modeling and reinforcing the safety programmes of

Application of Behaviour Based Safety in Mines 9 behaviour and actions

a period of two weeks or more.

a period of less than two weeks

for a 12 month period

million hours worked

 Issues related to improvement in the working condition of miners taken

Risk UG Mine Escape-

“The commission recommends that every mine should

Corpor- Mine- Super- Workers