GENERAL CHEMISTRY II

OBJECTIVES:

O Use the kinetic molecular model to explain

properties of liquids and solids, and
O Describe and differentiate the types of
intermolecular forces.
EQ: Why do solids and liquids behave differently?
O By the late 19th century, scientists had
begun accepting the atomic theory of
matter started relating it to individual
molecules. The Kinetic Molecular
Theory of Gases comes from
observations that scientists made about
gases to explain their macroscopic
properties.
O According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, all
gaseous particles are in constant random
motion at temperatures above absolute zero.
The movement of gaseous particles is
characterized by straight-line trajectories
interrupted by collisions with other particles or
with a physical boundary. Depending on the
nature of the particles’ relative kinetic energies,
a collision causes a transfer of kinetic energy as
well as a change in direction.
O The kinetic molecular model may also be used to
explain the properties of liquid and solid molecules,
as well as the forces of attraction that account for
such properties.
O The kinetic energy of the particle is the energy
needed to keep the particles moving.
O There are attractive forces that hold particles
together. Solid usually have strong forces of
attraction, whereas gases have weak forces of
attraction.
O The Kinetic Molecular Theory
explains the properties of solids and
liquids in terms of intermolecular
forces of attraction and the kinetic
energy of the individual particles.
O All matter is made up of tiny particles.
O These are particles are in constant motion.
O The speed of particle is proportional to
temperature. Increased temperature means greater
speed.
O Solids, Liquids, and gases differ in distances
between particles, in the extent to which the
particles interact.
Criterion Solid Liquid Gas

Molecular Closely packed Slightly far from Freely moving;

Arrangement together one another very far from one
another

Volume/Shape Definite volume Definite volume; Indefinite

and shape assumes shape of volume and
an occupied part shape
of a container
Density High High Low

Motion of the Vibration in Random Fast random

molecules place
O INTERMOLECULAR FORCES are
attractive forces between molecules or
particles in the solid or liquid states.
The intermolecular forces of attraction in a pure
substance are collectively known as van der Waals
forces.

O Dispersion forces or London forces

O Dipole-dipole Interaction
O Hydrogen bonding
O Dispersion forces – these forces of
attraction result from temporary
dipole moments induced in
ordinarily nonpolar molecules.
These forces are present between all
types of molecules due to the
movement of electrons. As electrons
move around the nucleus, an uneven
distribution causes momentary
charge separations. Slightly positive
sides of a molecule are attracted to
the slightly negative sides of the
adjacent molecule.
O The extent to which a dipole moment can be induced
in a molecule is called its polarizability.
O Polarizability of the atom or molecule refers to the
ease with which the electron distribution can be
distorted. Generally, the larger the number of
electrons and the larger or more diffused the electron
cloud in the atom or molecule, the greater its
polarizability. Thus, dispersion forces may be the
weakest of intermolecular forces that can exist
between two molecules, but the larger the atoms
present, the stronger the dispersion forces.
O Dipole forces are attractive forces between polar
molecules (molecules that possess dipole moments).
In polar molecules the electrons are unevenly
distributed because some elements are more
electronegative than others. The partial negative
side of one molecule is attracted to the partial
positive side of another molecule.
O This type of force is stronger than the dispersion
forces because polar molecules have a
permanent uneven distribution of electrons. The
nature of attraction is electrostatic and can be
understood in terms of Coulomb’s law: The
larger the dipole moment, the stronger the
attraction.
Hydrogen bonding
O It is a special type of dipole-
dipole interaction between the
hydrogen atom in a polar bond,
such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and
an electronegative O, N, or F
atom. Hydrogen bonds between
water molecules are particularly
strong.
O Examples of hydrogen bonding
in water (H2O), ammonia (NH3)
and hydrogen fluoride (HF):
OAs a person, you have your own
unique skills and abilities. How do
you use these skills and abilities to
interact with other people?