PSRS 311

WEEK 4
SELF-PLAGIARISM
Means… General guidelines for using an acceptable
amount of duplicated material…
 the presentation of your own previously  Ensure that the core of the new document
published work as original constitutes an original contribution to
 deceives readers by making it appear that knowledge
more information is available on a topic  Place all duplicated material in a single
paragraph or a few paragraphs, when feasible,
than really with a citation at the beginning or end of each
 may lead to copyright violations if you paragraph.
publish the same work with multiple  Introduce the duplicated material with a
publishers (duplicate publication) phrase such as “as I have previously
discussed.” Do not use quotation marks or
block quotation formatting around your own
duplicated material.
 Correspondence Between
Reference List and Text
APA STYLE…
• uses the author–date citation system, in
which a brief in-text citation directs readers
to a full reference list entry
• Each work cited in the text must appear in
the reference list, and each work in the
reference list must be cited in the text
• Ensure that the spelling of author names
and the publication dates in the reference
list entries match those in the in-text
citations
Exceptions...
 Personal communications, which are
unrecoverable sources, are cited in the text only
 General mentions of whole websites or
periodicals and common software and apps in
the text do not require a citation or reference list
entry.
 The source of an epigraph does not usually
appear in the reference list
 Quotations from your research participants can
be presented and discussed in the text but do not
need citations or reference list entries
 Use of the Published Version
or Archival Version
… Primary & Secondary Sources...
 Multiple versions of the same work might
coexist on the internet, and you should cite the
version of the work you used.
 Ideally, use and cite the final, published version
of work
 Informally published works, such as those in a
preprint archive or an institutional repository or
database, can also be cited when these are the
version used.
 In scholarly work, a primary source reports original
content; a secondary source refers to content first
reported in another source.
 Cite secondary sources sparingly—for instance, when
the original work is out of print, unavailable, or
available only in a language that you do not
understand.
 If possible, as a matter of good scholarly practice, find
the primary source, read it, and cite it directly rather
than citing a secondary source.
 When citing a secondary source, provide a reference
list entry for the secondary source that you used.
 In the text, identify the primary source and then write
“as cited in” the secondary source that you used. If the
year of publication of the primary source is known,
also include it in the text.
Example:
If you read a work by Lyon et al. (2014) in which Rabbitt (1982) was cited,
and you were unable to read Rabbitt’s work yourself, cite Rabbitt’s work as
the original source, followed by Lyon et al.’s work as the secondary source.
Only Lyon et al.’s work appears in the reference list.
• (Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014)

If the year of the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text
citation.
• Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
 Works Requiring Special Approaches
to Citation
Interview…
 a dialogue or an exchange of information between
people. Interviews used as sources can be classified
into three categories: published interviews, personal
interviews, and research participant interviews.
 Published interviews appear in a variety of places—
for example, in a magazine, newspaper, recorded radio
broadcast, podcast episode, YouTube video, TV show,
or transcript of a video or audio recording.
 To cite a published interview, follow the format for the
reference type (e.g., magazine article, podcast episode,
radio).
 The person being interviewed will not necessarily
appear in the author element of the reference; when
this is case, integrate the person’s name into the
narrative of the sentence if desired.
...
 Personal interviews are those you conduct as a
means of obtaining information to support a key
point in your paper (e.g., an email to an author
inquiring about their published work). Because
readers cannot recover this type of interview,
cite it as a personal communication
 Research participant interviews are those you
conducted as part of your methodology. They do
not require a citation in APA Style because you
do not cite your own work in the paper in which
it is being first reported.
 Classroom or Intranet Resources
… ...

• When the audience you are writing for
can retrieve the works you used, cite the
works using the formats, which are
organized according to reference group
and category.
• For example, to cite a recorded lecture or • However, if the work is for professional
PowerPoint presentation available from a
classroom website or LMS for a student
assignment, follow the format.
• The source element of these references
includes the name of the classroom website
or LMS and the URL (which for sites
requiring users to log in should be the home
page or login page URL).
• Likewise, for a report on a company intranet,
follow the report format.
publication or intended for a wider audience
who will not have access to these sources,
cite the sources as personal communications
Personal Communications
… ...
• Works that cannot be recovered by readers are
cited in the text as personal communications.
• Personal communications include emails, text
messages, online chats or direct messages,
personal interviews, telephone conversations,
live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures,
memos, letters, messages from non-archived
discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and
so on.
• Use a personal communication citation only
when a recoverable source is not available.
• For example, if you learned about a topic via a
classroom lecture, it would be preferable to cite
the research on which the instructor based the
lecture.
• However, if the lecture contained original
content not published elsewhere, cite the lecture
as a personal communication.
• When communications are recoverable only in
an archive (e.g., a presidential library), cite
them as archival materials.
• Do not use a personal communication citation
for quotes or information from participants
whom you interviewed as part of your own
original research
 Citing Personal Communications in the Text
… ...

• Because readers cannot retrieve the Narrative citation: E.-M. Paradis

information in personal (personal communication, August 8,
communications, personal 2019)
communications are not included in the
reference list; they are cited in the text Parenthetical citation: (T. Nguyen,
only. personal communication, February
• Give the initial(s) and surname of the 24, 2020)
communicator, and provide as exact a
date as possible, using the following
formats:
 Citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of
Indigenous Peoples
… ...
 If the information has been recorded and is Capitalize most terms related to
recoverable by readers (e.g., video, audio, interview
transcript, book, article), cite it in the text and
Indigenous Peoples
include a reference list entry in the correct format for  These include names of specific
that type of source groups (e.g., Itah, Igorots, Baglan) and
 Examine published works carefully (especially older words related to Indigenous culture
works) to ensure that the information about
Indigenous Peoples is accurate and appropriate to
(e.g., Creation, the Creator, Elder, Oral
share before citing those works Tradition, Traditional Knowledge, Vision
 Likewise, because Indigenous cultural heritage Quest).
belongs to Indigenous Peoples in perpetuity, matters  The capitalization is intentional and
concerning copyright and authorship may arise
depending on the scope and nature of the material
demonstrates respect for Indigenous
being presented perspectives.
 Citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of
Indigenous Peoples
… ...

 If you spoke with an Indigenous person directly to
learn information (but they were not a research
participant), use a variation of the personal
communication citation: Provide the person’s full
name and the nation or specific Indigenous group to
which they belong, as well as their location or other
details about them as relevant, followed by the words
“personal communication ,” and the date of the
communication.
 Provide an exact date of correspondence if available;
if correspondence took place over a period of time,
provide a more general date or a range of dates. (The
date refers to when you consulted with the person,
not to when the information originated.)
 Ensure that the person agrees to have their name
included in your paper and confirms the accuracy
and appropriateness of the information you
present.
Example:
We spoke with Anna Grant (Haida Nation, lives
in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,
personal communication, April 2019) about
traditional understandings of the world by First
Nations Peoples in Canada. She described . . .
In-Text Citations
Author–Date Citation System
• Use the author–date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In
this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a
corresponding reference list entry.
• The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure,
footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of
publication.
• This in-text citation enables readers to locate the corresponding entry in the
alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.
• Each reference list entry provides the author, date, title, and source of the work cited
in the paper and enables readers to identify and retrieve the work.
• In an in-text citation, provide the surname(s) of the author(s) or the name(s) of
the group author(s). Do not include suffixes such as “Jr.” in the in-text citation.
• The list of authors in an in-text citation may be shortened in certain cases.
• The date in the in-text citation should match the date in the reference list entry.
Use only the year in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a
more specific date (e.g., year, month, and day).
• For works with no date, use “n.d.” in the in-text citation; for works that have
been accepted for publication but have not yet been published, use “in press.”
Do not use phrases like “in progress” for draft manuscripts; instead, use the year
the draft was written.
• Each in-text citation must correspond to only one reference list entry. Avoid
ambiguity when abbreviating the list of authors, when multiple works have the
same author(s) and date, and when multiple first authors share the same surname.
 Quotations, paraphrases and summaries
Quotation (exact In-text
words from the
source) Reproduce the text word for word and place quotation marks at the
beginning and end of the quotation. The author, date and page
number should be included.

Broudy (1998, p. 8) argues that "on the common criteria for

schooling, our sample citizen has failed because he cannot
replicate the necessary skill or apply the relevant principles."

"Thinking on the common criteria for schooling, our sample

citizen has failed because he cannot replicate the necessary skill
or apply the relevant principles." (Broudy, 1998, p. 8)
 Quotations, paraphrases and summaries
A paraphrase of Restate the original in your own words. The author and date must be
an author's included. It can also be helpful to provide page or paragraph numbers,
words or ideas particularly if you are citing a longer work. The APA publications
manual 6th edn (p. 171) encourages you to provide page numbers to
help your reader locate the information.

Encouraging students to memorise information and then testing

their memory has been a constant criterion of pedagogy (Broudy,
1998).

Broudy (1998, p. 8) argues that memorisation does not result in an

ability to solve problems.
 Quotations, paraphrases and summaries

To reference the overall No need to include page numbers because it is the entire
content of a work work you are referring to:

Larsen and Greene (1989) studied the effects of pollution

in three major cities...
 A secondary source (a source referred to
in another publication)
In-text
• Acknowledge both sources. Include the primary source first and then insert the words
“as cited in” before the secondary source.
Example: Gibbs stated that “because students are aware of their tutor’s mastery of the
subject matter, it is common for them to assume that their reader has no needs at all”
(Gibbs, 1981, p. 39, as cited in Bowden & Marton, 1998, p. 35).
References
• ONLY include the details of the source you actually read - not the original source:
• Bowden, J. & Marton, F. (1998). The university of learning. London, England: Kogan
Page.
MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR
In text
• Always include both authors in the order in which they appear.
Separate names by using ‘and’ , in running text use ‘and’; within
parentheses, use an ampersand (&):
Example: (Gerster & Basset, 1987) or: Gerster and Basset (1987)
assert that ...
References
• Gerster, R. & Bassett, J. (1991). Seizures of youth: The sixties and
Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Hyland House.
MORE THAN 3 AUTHORS
In text
• State all authors when first mentioning the source. Subsequent references to the
source are shortened to the first surname followed by ‘et al.’ (et al. = and others):
• First entry: Leeder, Dobson, Patel, Mathews and Marriot (1996, p. 78)

• Subsequent entries: Leeder et al. (1996, p. 78) 

References
• Leeder, S. R., Dobson, A. J., Patel, N. K., Mathews, P. S. & Mariot, D. L. (1996). The
Australian film industry, Adelaide, Australia: Dominion Press.
• Don’t use et al. in the references. List all authors in the order in which they appear
on the title page.
More than one work in the same citation
In text
• Arrange alphabetically, separated by semicolons:

Example: (Entwistle, 1977; Haddon, 1969) 

References
• Each source will require a separate reference list entry. 
 An author who published more than one work in the same year

In the text
• Attach an a, b, c, d etc. after the year:
Example: Karskens  (2003a, 2003b) examines the archeology of ... 

List of references
• Each source will require a separate reference list entry. Order them alphabetically by title.
• Karskens, G. (2003a). Revisiting the worldview: The archaeology of convict households in
Sydney's rocks neighbourhood. Historical Archaeology, 37(1), 34-55. Retrieved from
https://sha.org/
• Karskens, G. (2003b). Tourists and pilgrims: (Re)visiting the rocks. Journal of Australian
Studies, 27(79), 29-38. doi:10.1080/14443050309387885
 Multiple works by the same author
In-text
• Use the author name and the dates in chronological order:
• In both studies, Entwistle (2007, 2010) examined ...

List of references
• Each source will require a separate entry in the List of References.
 A book with no author
In text
• Use the title (if it is short) in place of an author name in the citation. If the title is long, use
a short version:
• (Oxford collocations dictionary, 2009)

References
• Place the title in the author position.
• Oxford collocations dictionary for students of English (2nd ed.). (2009). Oxford, England:
Oxford University Press.
BooksCiting different sources with APA referencing
In text
•A page number is required if you are quoting. When paraphrasing, or if the
information you are citing can be found on a particular page the APA
publications manual 6th edn (p. 171) encourages you to provide page
numbers to help the reader locate the information.
(Karskens, 1997, p. 23)
Ward (1966, p. 12) suggests that ...
•If you are summarising, or only citing the main idea of the book:
(Willis, 1990)
References
•Karskens, G. (1997). The Rocks: Life in early Sydney. Melbourne, Australia:
Melbourne University Press.
• Present full bibliographic details in the following order:
• author’s surname, and initial(s).
• year of publication (between parentheses).
• book title (in italics, capitalise first word of title and subtitle,
and proper nouns).
• edition (if other than the first), (between parentheses, after the
title, but before the full stop).
• place of publication (city, initials of state, if published in the
USA; city, country, if published elsewhere) followed by a colon
(:)
• publisher
 Electronic version of a print book
In text
• follow the author-date format for standard books.

References
• If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is available, it should be used. If it is not available,
include a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Place a description of format in brackets following
the title, but before the full stop:
• Hunt, L. (2013). British low culture: From safari suits to sexploitation [EBL-Explanation Based
Learning eBooks collection]. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com.
• O'Brien, C. (2016). Education for sustainable happiness and well-being [Kindle version].
Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com.
 Edited book collections
• An edited collection consists of a collection of articles or chapters, each by different
authors, but compiled by editor(s).
In-text
• A book collection consists of a collection of articles or chapters, each by different authors,
but compiled by editor(s). If you want to cite a particular article/chapter, cite the author(s)
of the article or chapter in the text:
(Curthoys, 1997, p. 25)
References
• Curthoys, A. (1997). History and identity. In W. Hudson & G. Bolton (Eds). Creating Australia:
Changing Australian history (pp. 23-38). Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
Place the information in the following order:
• author’s surname and initial(s).
• year of publication (between parentheses).
• name of chapter/ article (capitalise first word of title and subtitle, and proper nouns).
• initial(s) and surname(s) of editor(s)
• (Ed.). for a single editor; (Eds). for more than one.
• collection title (in italics, capitalise first word of title and subtitle, and proper nouns).
• page range (between parentheses, after the title, but before the full stop).
• place of publication (city, initials of state, if published in the USA; city, country, if
published elsewhere) followed by a colon (:)
• publisher.
 Journal articles with Digital Object
Identifier (DOI)
• A DOI (digital object identifier) is an assigned number that acts as a form of persistent identification
for online publications. When you are citing a journal article, provide the DOI, if one has been
assigned. When a DOI is used, no further retrieval information is necessary.
In text
• Author, date, page number (if required):
• (Tucker, 1998, p. 257)
• (Tucker, 1998)
 
References
• Tucker, S. (1998). Nobody’s sweethearts: Gender, race, jazz, and the Darlings of Rhythm. American
Music, 16(3), 255-288. doi:10.2307/3052637.
Place the information in the following order:
• author’s surname and initial.
• year of publication (between parentheses).
• article title (capitalise first word of title and subtitle, and proper nouns).
• journal or periodical title (in italics, maximum capitalisation),
• volume number (in italics)
• issue number (between parentheses),
• page range.
• Digital Object Identifier (in lowercase, followed by a colon. Provide the
alphanumeric string exactly as published in the article).
 Journal article without a DOI
In the text
• If the page number is required:
Example: (Tucker, 1998, p. 257)
References
• If no DOI has been assigned, and you retrieved the article online, provide the URL of the
journal home page (if access is provided to the article there), even if the article was
obtained from an online database.
• Curtis, S. (2009). Come in and hear the truth: Jazz and race on 52nd street. The Journal of
American History, 96(1), 264-265. Retrieved from http://jah.oah.org/
• History, 96(1), 264-265. Retrieved from http://jah.oah.org/
 Journal article that is an advance online publication
• In addition to their regular publications, some journals offer individual articles online as soon as they
are finalised. The content is assigned a DOI before it is assigned a volume, issue or page number. If
there is no DOI assigned, provide the URL of the journal home page.
In the text
• Cite personal correspondence in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the
communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible:
(B. Daly, personal communication, August 7, 2010)
(P. Gregory, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
• Note that the initial(s) precede the surname.
References
• Identify the article as an Advance online publication after the journal title:
Example: Jureidini, J. (2016). Antidepressants fail, but no cause for therapeutic gloom. The Lancet.
Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30585-2
 Newspapers and magazines

In the text
• For articles with no identified author, in text use a shortened
title between double quotation marks:
(“UNSW gains top ranking”, 1994, February 30).
• If there is an author, cite as for a journal article:

(Donaghy, 1994, p. 3)
• Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. (single
page) or pp. (page range).
References
A newspaper article with no identified author
• Alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title:
Example: UNSW gains top ranking from quality team. (1994, February 30). Sydney Morning
Herald, p. 21.
An article with a named author
• Donaghy, B. (1994, March 3-9). National meeting set to review tertiary admissions. 
Campus News. p. 3.
An online article
• Provide the URL of the homepage where the online version of the article is available via
search.
• Poniewozik, J. (2015, November 17). When TV turns itself off. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
A privately obtained interview or other personal communication

• Personal communication may be unpublished lecture notes, letters, memos,

personal interviews, telephone conversations, emails, photographs or images.
In-text
• Cite personal correspondence in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname
of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible:
(B. Daly, personal communication, August 7, 2010)
(P. Gregory, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
Note that the initial(s) precede the surname.
References

• Details of a personal communication do not usually

need to be included in the List of References as it
cannot be traced by the reader.

• Before using personal communications, ensure you

have the permission of the person with whom you
communicated.
 Research reports
In-text
• As with a book, include author, date, page number:

(Oldsberg & Winters, 2005, p. 17)

References
• List research reports as you would a book:
• Olsberg, D. & Winters, M. (2005). Ageing in place:
Intergenerational and intrafamilial housing transfers and
shifts in later life. (Report No. 127). Sydney, Australia:
Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute.
 Unpublished material (thesis)
In-text
(Ballard, 2003, p. 132)
References
• put the type of thesis between parenthesis after the title
• acknowledge the university where the thesis was
undertaken
Ballard, B.A. (2003). The seeing machine: Photography and
the visualisation of culture in Australia, 1890-1930.
(Unpublished PhD thesis). University of Melbourne, Australia.
 Brochures
In-text
• Cite the author or authoring body and date if available:

(New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries, 2005)

(New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries, 2015, p. 4)
References
Brochure
• New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries. (2005). Saltwater
recreational fishing in New South Wales: Rules & regulations
summary. [Brochure]. New South Wales, Australia: Author.
• Include as much information as available. author or authoring body.
• date (between parentheses).
• title (in italics).
• format [between square brackets].
• place of publication:
• publisher (Use the word 'Author' for the publisher when the author and
publisher are the same).
If the brochure is online, include the URL instead of the publisher
information:
• New South Wales Dept of Primary Industries. (2015). NSW recreational
freshwater fishing guide 2016-17. [Brochure]. Retrieved from
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/recreational/fishing-rules-and-regs/fr...
 A work reproduced in a book (image, poem, painting..)

In-text
• Refer to the work in the text, then include book author, date,
page number:
De Kooning's 1952 painting "Woman and Bicycle" (Hughes, 1980, p.
295) is an example of ...' 
References
• List the book containing the image:
• Hughes, R. (1980). The shock of the new: Art and the century of
change. London, England: British Broadcasting Corporation.
•Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free,
easy-to-use tool to help you
collect, organize, cite, and
share your research sources
Assignment 2- Individual
• Download ICF template (WHO website)
• Attend Week 4 Online class
• Discussion on editing
• Submission- within the day