Energy Conversion Systems

(ME341)
Date: 2nd January 2023

Lecture-1
Introduction of Course

IIT (BHU), Varanasi

Dr. Akhilendra Pratap Singh

Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India
Email: akhilendra.mec@itbhu.ac.in
 Syllabus
UNIT I
Introduction & Fuels for SI and CI engine (5 Lectures): Basic Nomenclature, Engine classification, working principle of 2 stroke and 4
stroke, fuel air cycles and actual cycles, valve and port timing diagram. Classification of fuels, fuel properties and fuel rating, mixture
requirements
Thermodynamic Cycles for Energy Conversion (3 Lectures): Gas power cycles, vapor power cycles, refrigeration cycles
UNIT II
Combustion in SI and CI Engine (5 Lectures): Stages of combustion in SI and CI engine, detonation, effect of engine design and operating
variables on engine detonation, combustion knock, effect of engine design and operating variables on engine knock, comparison of knock in SI
and CI engine.

Internal Combustion Engines UNIT III

Carburetor and Fuel Injection system & Engine friction and lubrication (5 Lectures): Types of carburetor, calculation of A/F ratio for
simple carburetor, mixture requirements, injection system in SI and CI engine, components of engine friction, friction mean effective pressure.
Lubrication principle, types of lubrication, properties of lubricant.
UNIT IV
Heat transfer and Cooling system & Engine Testing and performance (6 Lectures): Engine temperature distribution, gas temperature
variation, air cooling and liquid cooling systems. Measurement of indicated power, brake power, fuel consumption, air flow rate, speed, heat
balance sheet.
UNIT V
Introduction & Power Plant Thermodynamics (5 Lectures): History and present status of energy resources. Energy sources for modern
plants. Power systems and utility demand patterns. Economics of electric power production, Basic laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic
power cycles. Steam cycles for modern power plants.

Power Plant Engineering UNIT VI

Fossil-Fueled Steam Power Plants & Combustion (8 Lectures): Solid, Liquid and gaseous fuel. Properties of fuels. Coal and coal cleaning
and processing Introduction to power plant systems and components. Fuel handling and preparation. Steam generator configuration and analysis.
Steam separation and purification. Natural convection systems. Steam generator control. Air circulating and heating system. Water treatment
systems. Cooling towers. Emission control systems. Waste disposal, Principles of combustion. Combustion calculations. Theoretical and actual
flame temperatures. Combustion systems

Renewable Energy Resources UNIT VIII

Renewable Energy Sources (2 Lectures): Basic concepts of renewable resources: solar, wind and biomass

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Actual Syllabus and Lecture Division
Introduction of IC Engines & Fuels for SI and CI engine
IC Engine Cycles: Ideal and Actual
Combustion in SI and CI Engines
Fuel Induction System in SI Engines
Fuel Injection System in CI Engines
Engine Friction and Lubrication System
Engine Cooling Systems
Engine Testing and Performance Measurement

Introduction of Power Plants

Thermodynamic Aspects of Power Plants
Fuel for Power Plants: Coal
Components of Power Plants: Steam Generation System
Boiler Mounting and Accessories

Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Other Renewable Energy Resources: Geothermal, Tidal, etc.
Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)
 Syllabus
UNIT I

Introduction & Fuels for SI and CI Engine (4 Lectures): Basic Nomenclature,

Engine classification, working principle of 2 stroke and 4 stroke, valve and port timing
diagram.
Classification of fuels, fuel properties and fuel rating, mixture requirements.
Thermodynamic Cycles for Energy Conversion (4 Lectures): Gas power cycles,
Fuel air cycles and actual cycles, vapor power cycles, refrigeration cycles
UNIT II
Combustion in SI and CI Engine (5 Lectures): Stages of combustion in SI and CI engine, detonation, effect of engine design and operating variables on engine detonation, combustion knock, effect of engine
design and operating variables on engine knock, comparison of knock in SI and CI engine.
UNIT III
Carburetor and Fuel Injection system & Engine friction and lubrication (5 Lectures): Types of carburetor, calculation of A/F ratio for simple carburetor, mixture requirements, injection system in SI and CI
engine, components of engine friction, friction mean effective pressure. Lubrication principle, types of lubrication, properties of lubricant.
UNIT IV
Heat transfer and Cooling system & Engine Testing and performance (6 Lectures): Engine temperature distribution, gas temperature variation, air cooling and liquid cooling systems. Measurement of indicated
power, brake power, fuel consumption, air flow rate, speed, heat balance sheet.
UNIT V
Introduction & Power Plant Thermodynamics (5 Lectures): History and present status of energy resources. Energy sources for modern plants. Power systems and utility demand patterns. Economics of electric
power production, Basic laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic power cycles. Steam cycles for modern power plants.
UNIT VI
Fossil-Fueled Steam Power Plants & Combustion (8 Lectures): Solid, Liquid and gaseous fuel. Properties of fuels. Coal and coal cleaning and processing Introduction to power plant systems and components.
Fuel handling and preparation. Steam generator configuration and analysis. Steam separation and purification. Natural convection systems. Steam generator control. Air circulating and heating system. Water
treatment systems. Cooling towers. Emission control systems. Waste disposal, Principles of combustion. Combustion calculations. Theoretical and actual flame temperatures. Combustion systems
UNIT VIII
Renewable Energy Sources (2 Lectures): Basic concepts of renewable resources: solar, wind and biomass

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Evaluation Scheme
Quiz (20%): Two quizzes (10% each)
Mid- Semester Exam: 25%
End-Semester Exam: 35%
Lab: 20%

Class Schedule
Day Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday
Time ? Wednesday (9-10)
Monday (11-12); Tuesday (9-10);

Recommended Books
Energy Conversion Systems, Sorensen H., McGrawHill, USA
Principles of Energy Conversion, Culp A.W., TMH
Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental, J B Heywood, McGrawHill, USA
A course in internal combustion engines, by: Mathur and Sharma, Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
Internal Combustion Engine, Pundir B P, Narosa.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Arora C P, TMH
Principles of Refrigeration, Dossat R, PHI

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Introduction of Energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity or ability to do the work. Any physical
activity in this world is caused due to the flow of energy in one form to
another form (Thermodynamics).

Energy creates the power to drive tools and machines, to process materials
into manufactured products.

Power is generated from non-renewable energy sources such as coal, oil,

and gas, or can be generated from natural resources such as geothermal,
solar, and gravitational energies.

The combination of energy and matter make up the universe. Matter is

substance, and energy is the mover of substance.
Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)
 Historical Overview of Energy
 The word energy derives from the Greek word en-ergon, which means
“activity”. It is also defined as the ‘in-work’ or ‘work content’.

 Energy is subjected to the law of conservation. According to this law,

energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself (1st Law).
It can only be transformed (2nd Law).

 The concept of energy emerged out of the idea of vis-viva (living force).

 Gottfried Leibniz defined vis-viva as the product of the mass of an

object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis-viva was
conserved (Kinetic Energy).

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Classification of Energy
Energy sources are broadly classified into three types:
(1)On the basis of usability of energy
(a) Primary Resources: Available resources in raw form as petroleum,
uranium etc.
(b)Intermediate Resources: Modified form of primary resources that can not
be directly used.
(c) Secondary Resources: End user form of energy that can be directly
utilized as electrical energy, thermal energy etc.
(2) On the basis of traditional Use
(d)Conventional Energy: Traditionally used energy resources as fossil fuels,
nuclear.
(e) Non-Conventional Energy: Other than conventional resources as solar,
wind etc.
Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)
 Classification of Energy
(3) Based on availability
(a) Renewable Energy: It is the energy obtained from the repetitive currents
of energy occurring in the natural environment.
(b)Non-renewable Energy: It is energy obtained from static deposits of any
sources that remains bound unless exploited by human interaction. (These
are available as reserves or deposits)

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Fossil Fuels: Introduction
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic
decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their
resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds
1000 million years.
Crude Oil contains many hydrocarbons, which are fraction recrystallized
at different temperatures.
In oil refineries, diesel, kerosene and gasoline is distilled from the crude oil
which are the basic fossil fuels used in industries and vehicles.
Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon. General formula of fossil
fuel can be given as Cx(H2O)y.

Most of the world’s energy is derived from Fossil Fuels. Fossil fuels are the
85% of the world commercial energy.

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Fossil Fuels: Introduction
The major usage of fossil fuels
are:
 Transportation (26.5%)
 Industrial (32.5%)
 Residential/Commercial
Electrical Power (41%)

Top three sources of fossil fuels

are:
(a) Oil: Liquid form of non
renewable fuel (Crude oil)
(b) Coal: Solid form of non
renewable fuel
(c) Natural Gas: Gaseous form of
non-renewable fuel

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Grades of Energy

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Grades of Energy

This energy efficiency rating is based on nature, availability and total base cost
involved in its exploration.
A-C grade energy comes under high grade energy due to its lower running
cost and higher efficiency.
D-E grade energy comes under medium grade energy due to either high
running cost or lower efficiency .
F-G grade energy comes under low grade energy due to its higher running
cost and lower efficiency.
Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)
 Energy Chart

Energy

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)
 Forms of Energy

All forms of energy are

related.
Each form can be converted
into any other form.
Most important is that it can
not create or destroy energy,
only change its form (Law of
Universe).
The ability of energy to do
useful functions is realized
when energy is converted from
one form to another via an
energy conversion device. Objective of This Course

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Energy Conversion Matrix

Reference: http://www.eoearth.org/files/186001_186100/186073/energyconversionmatrix.png

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Energy Conversion Technologies

Steam & Nuclear Power Plant

IC Engines
Gas Turbines
Rocket Propulsion
Refrigeration
Air conditioning
Biological Systems

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Steam Power Plants

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

Detailed View of Steam Power Plant

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Nuclear Power Plants

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Internal Combustion Engines

Performance Emissions Alternative Fuels

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)

 Electric Vehicles

Is it the future of transportation?

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)
 Thanks

Energy Conversion Systems (ME341)