KALYAN P.G.

COLLEGE
SESSION 2021-22

SUBJECT-COSMOLOGY
TOPIC- HUBBLE’S LAW

GUIDED BY- PRESENTED BY-

Miss.JAGRITI SAHU PANKAJ KUMAR SAHU
 PREFACE
THIS ASSIGNMENT WORK IS ENTIRELY BASED ON THE TOPIC – HUBBLE’S LAW
AND TEACHING IS NEVER INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER ONE IS INTERLINKED
WITH OTHER DOUBTLESSLY . IT IS A TWO SIDED BILATERAL EFFORT . IT IS A
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TEACHER AND THE THOUGHT WHICH
CONSTITUTES ACTIVE ON LEARNING .
I HAVE MADE MY BEST EFFORT EXPLAINING EACH AND EVERY
POINT BY USING SIMPLE LANGUAGE SO READER CAN UNDERSTAND CLEARLY .
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I AVAIL THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONVEY MY SINCERE THANKS TO OUR TEACHER

“JAGRITI SAHU” FOR THIS VALUABLE GUIDANCE ENCOURAGEMENT AND
SUGGESTION THROUGHOUT THE COMPLETION OF THE ASSIGNMENT .
SINCERELY SHARED HER KNOWLEDGE WITH ME.
AT THE LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST WOULD LIKE TO THANK OUR “JAGRITI
SAHU” FOR PROVIDING SUCH A STUDIES IN WHICH I WAS ABLE TO COMPLETE
THIS ASSIGNMENT
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS CERTIFY THAT THE ASSIGNMENT WORK ENTITLED TO HAS BEEN

CARRIED OUT BY STUDENT OF CLASS “M.SC.(MATH’S) 4TH SEMESTER OF
KALYAN P.G. COLLEGE BHILAI NAGAR “ HE HAS SUBMITTED THE REPORT
DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-22

HE HAD CARRIED OUT THE SEMINAR WORK UNDER MY GUIDANCE AND HIS
ORIGINAL WORK
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 HUBBLE’S LAW
 INTRODUCTION

HUBBLE'S LAW, ALSO KNOWN AS THE HUBBLE–LEMAÎTRE LAW[1] OR LEMAÎTRE'S

LAW, IS THE OBSERVATION IN PHYSICAL COSMOLOGY THAT GALAXIES ARE
MOVING AWAY FROM EARTH AT SPEEDS PROPORTIONAL TO THEIR DISTANCE. IN
OTHER WORDS, THE FARTHER THEY ARE THE FASTER THEY ARE MOVING AWAY
FROM EARTH.

HUBBLE'S LAW IS CONSIDERED THE FIRST OBSERVATIONAL BASIS FOR THE

EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE .
 HISTORY
EDWIN POWELL HUBBLE (NOVEMBER 20, 1889 –
SEPTEMBER 28, 1953)[1] WAS AN AMERICAN
ASTRONOMER. HE PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN
ESTABLISHING THE FIELDS OF 
EXTRAGALACTIC ASTRONOMY AND 
OBSERVATIONNAL COSMOLOGY

HUBBLE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT THE 

RECESSIONAL VELOCITY OF A GALAXY INCREASES
WITH ITS DISTANCE FROM THE EARTH, A PROPERTY
NOW KNOWN AS "HUBBLE'S LAW",
 HUBBLE`S LAW
IN THE YEAR 1929 THE ASTRONOMER “EDWIN HUBBLE`S “
FOUND THAT .
“ LIGHT FORM DISTANT GALAXIES IS SYMMETRICALLY
INCREASED IN WAVELENGTH AND THE FRACTIONAL
INCREASE BEING PROPORTIONAL TO THE DISTANCE D OF
GALAXY FROM US “

MATHEMATICALLY,

λ₁ - λ ₀ Δλ
= ∝ D
λ₀ λ₀
WHERE ,

λ₁ - λ ₀
= Z = redshift
λ₀

So, Z∝D ……..(1)

HUBBLE`S ALSO NOTICED THAT,

“ THE ALL GALAXIES ARE MOVING AWAY FROM EACH
OTHER “

IF V BE THE RELATIVE VELOCITY

THEN,
WHERE,
C = VELOCITY OF LIGHT

AGAIN WE PLOTTED A LINEAR GRAPH WHICH DECRIBE THE FOLLOWING

RELATIONSHIP : -

V = CZ = H₀ D ……….(3)

H₀ IS CALLED HUBBLE`S
CONSTANT
 ₀ D
CZ =H m = S Log D + CONSTANT
V

H = 53 KMS⁻¹ MPC⁻¹
THANK
YOU