EM 6:

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

ENGR. JONAR T. MONTALBAN ME, MP.

 TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED:

Separation of Variables

Homogenous Differential Equations

Exact & Non-Exact Differential Equations

SEPARATION OF VARIABLES
• This solution is used if the function containing both the
derivatives of the dependent and independent variable may be
factored completely. EXAMPLE:

• If the general differential equation, • Find the general solution of the

equation .
can be factored into
• Find the general solution of .
, it may be written in the form

• where:
is purely a function of x equal to and is purely a function of y
equal to .
The solution is in the form of .
HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
DEFINITION 1
• A function is said to be homogeneous of degree
k, if and only if for every real number 𝜆,
• The definition holds true for all the functions of
more than two variables.
EXAMPLE:
Determine whether is homogeneous or not.
DEFINITION 2
• A differential equation is said to be
homogeneous if the functions and are both
homogeneous of degree k.
• The equation can be written in the form by
using the substitution or .
EXAMPLE:
Find the general solution of the equation .
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
From differential calculus, Exact Differential Equation by Solution
Solution to Exact Differential Equation

In the equation, the right member is called an exact 1. Solve for f(x) by integrating M(x,y)dx. (Treat
y as constant)
differential and if the right member is equated to
zero, it is called an exact differential equation. 2. Solve for f’(x) by differentiating completely
f(x).
An exact differential equation is written in the
3. Solve for f’(y) by subtracting f’(x) from the
form: given equation.
4. Solve for f(y) by integrating f’(y).
where: 5. The solution to the exact differential equation
is f(x) + f(y) = C.

and , , and .
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Another solution: EXAMPLE:
1. Solve for f(y) by integrating N(x,y)dy. Solve
(Treat x as a constant)
2. Solve for f’(y) by differentiating Solve
completely f(y).
3. Solve for f’(x) by subtracting f’(y) from
the given equation.
4. Solve for f(x) by integrating f’(x).
5. The solution to the exact differential
equation is f(x) + f(y) = C.
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Exact Differential Equation by Inspection
The following are some common exact
differentials.
a.
1. The sum of the exponents of each term in an
exact derivative is equal.
2. The x term in M(x,y)dx is one degree lower
than the x term in N(x,y)dy.
3. The y term in M(x,y)dx is one degree higher
than the y term in N(x,y)dy.

EXAMPLE:
Solve
The following condition must be met if the given
differential equation is in formal form. Solve
NON-EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Reduction to Exact Differential Equation b.
• Reduction by Integrating Factor
c.
A non-exact differential equation in the form:
d.

can be reduced to an exact differential equation

by multiplying the given differential equation by Steps in solving differential equations of this type:
an integrating factor, 𝜇.
1. Obtain the integrating factor using any of the
rules discussed above, whatever is applicable.
2. Multiply the integrating factor to the given
equation.
a
3. Solve the resulting exact differential equation.
NON-EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Reduction by Inspection EXAMPLE:
The following are some common exact Solve
differentials.
Solve
a.
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF ORDER ONE
An equation which is linear and of order of one
in the dependent variable y is in the form of:

The equation is a linear differential equation if it

satisfies all the following conditions:
a. The coefficient of is always +1.
b. P(x)y must always be preceded by a positive
sign.
c. The exponent of y must always be +1.
d. P(x) and Q(x) must not contain the dependent
variable.
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF ORDER ONE
Solution to Linear Differential Equation of
Order One in the Dependent Variable y
a. Solve for , the integrating factor dependent of
y.
b. The solution to the linear differential equation
is the equation:
The equation is a linear differential equation if it
satisfies all the following conditions:
a. The coefficient of is always +1.
b. must always be preceded by a positive sign.
c. The exponent of x must always be +1.
d. and must not contain the dependent variable.
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF ORDER ONE
Solution to Linear Differential Equation of
Order One in the Dependent Variable x
c. Solve for , the integrating factor independent of
x.
Example:
- Find the solution of the differential equation
- Find the general solution of

d. The solution to the linear differential equation

is the equation:
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
(REDUCTION TO LINEAR
Example:
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION)
- Solve for the solution of
Some differential equations can be written in the
form:

• If the value of m or n is equal to 1, then

equation is solvable by separation of variables.
If n1, the equation is reducible into the standard
form of a linear differential equation of order
one.
THANK YOU

“DWELL ON THE BEAUTY OF

LIFE. WATCH THE STARS, AND
SEE YOURSELF RUNNING WITH
THEM.”
― MARCUS AURELIUS,
MEDITATIONS