Intermolecular Forces of

Liquids and Solids; Phase

Changes
Specific Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the learners will be
able to:

• describe the transitions among gas, liquids, and solids in

terms of increase or decrease in molecular order;

• explain what is happening as a system is heated and relate

phase changes to heat and temperature changes;

• explain solid-liquid, liquid vapor, and solid-vapor transitions

in terms of amount of energy change; and

• calculate heat changes in phase and temperature changes

Vocabulary
 Fluid. A gas or a liquid; a substance that can flow.
 Phase. A homogeneous part of a system in contact with other parts
of the system, but separated by well-defined boundaries.
 Solid. A phase of matter with definite shape and volume.
 Liquid. A phase of matter with definite volume but no definite shape.
 Gas. A phase of matter with no definite shape or volume of its own.
 Intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are attractive forces
between molecules.
 Phase changes. Transformations of matter from one phase to
another.
 Melting. A phase change from solid to liquid.
 Vaporization. A phase change from liquid to gas.
 Sublimation. A phase change from solid to gas.
 Condensation. A phase change from gas to liquid.
 Freezing. A phase change from liquid to solid.
 Deposition. A phase change from gas to solid.
 Exothermic process. Process that gives off or release heat to the
surroundings.
 Endothermic process. Process that absorbs heat from the
surroundings.
 Specific heat of a substance. The amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 OC
Recall the three phases of matter and its properties. Use the table
comparing the properties of different phases of matter derived from a
previous discussion.

Properties Molecular Behavior

Solid Liquid Gas

Volume/shape

Density

Motion of particles

Compressibility

Focus questions:
•What makes a gas different from a liquid or solid?
•Why are some substances gases at room temperature, while others are not?
•How does the intermolecular force of attraction in a substance relate to its
phase?
What phase(s) of matter exist in the following images?
When do they occur? What changes in molecular order
occur during phase changes?
 Phase changes are transformations of matter from one
physical state to another.
 They occur when energy (usually in the form of heat) is
added or removed from a substance.
 They are characterized by changes in molecular order;
molecules in the solid phase have the greatest order,
while those in the gas phase have the greatest
randomness or disorder.
Types of Phase Changes
 Types of Phase Changes
What are some things that happen
as we heat a sample up?
 Solid  Liquid  Gas
 Melting, Evaporating
 Increase in entropy

(what is entropy?)
Summary
What is heat? How is heat different
from temperature?
 Heat is a measure of kinetic or translational
energy
 Inchemistry heat is measure in Joules (J)
 Heat is dependent on mass, temperature change and
specific heat capacity
 Temperature is a measure the average kinetic
energy of a substance
 Temperature is independent of heat
 Temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) or Celsius (C)
What is the heating
curve?
 The heating curve is a graph which represents how a
sample changes phases. As heat is added over time, the
sample changes temperature and phase accordingly. It
allows us to visualize the changes in matter that we’ve
been calculating thus far.

Melting
How does the heating curve look?
What are the parts of the heating
curve?
What are the parts of the heating
curve?
Why is the heating curve flat at
some portions? (BC and DE)
 Temperature (KE) is
staying constant, but
PE is increasing
 The matter is
changing phase- solid
is becoming liquid
(BC) and liquid is
becoming a gas (DE)
How do we calculate the energy
changes that occur on the flat
portions?
 We use heat of
fusion (Hf) in
segment BC and heat
of vaporization (Hv)
in segment DE.
 (for BC) Q= mHf
 (for DE) Q= mHv
What is heat of fusion? What is
heat of vaporization?
 Hf is the amount of energy
needed to completely make a
solid into a liquid
 Hv is the amount of energy
needed to completely make a
liquid into a gas
 In both cases you are adding
enough energy to overcome
the forces of attraction
betweeen the molecules
The heat transferred is
proportional to the mass
of the object, the specific
heat capacity of the
object and the
temperature change the
object undergoes.
Heat has the symbol q
and is calculated using …

q = mcDT
Quantity specific
of heat heat
capacity
q = mcDT
mass temperatur
e change
 specific heat
Quantity
capacity
of heat

q = mcDT
The specific heat
capacity of water
is 4.18 J/g⁰C
Calculations
Constants needed are: CH2O = 4.18 J/gK, Cice= 2.06 J/gK, Csteam= 2.00 J/gK,
Hf = 334J/g, Hv= 2260 J/g

 You have a 23.0 g sample of H2O at 227K. How

many joules if heat energy are necessary to:
a) Heat the ice to 273K?
b) Melt the ice?
c) Heat the water to 373K?
d) Boil the water?
e) Heat the steam from 373K to 381K?
f) Locate each part of the question on the curve
Solution
a) Heat the ice to 273K?
Q=mC∆T
Q= ?
m= 23.0 g
C= 2.06J/gK
∆T = 273K- 227K = 46K
Q= 23.0g x2.06 J/gK x 46K=
Q= 2180J
Solution
b) Melt the ice?
Q= mHf
m= 23.0g
Hf= 334 J/g
Q= 23.0g x 334 J/g
Q= 7,682 J
Solution
c) Heat the water to 373K
Q=mC∆T
Q= ?
m= 23.0 g
C= 4.18J/gK
∆T = 373K -273K = 100K
Q= 23.0g x4.18J/gK x 100K=
Q= 9614J
Solution
d) Boil the water
Q= mHv
Q= ?
m= 23.0g
Hv = 2260 J/g
Q= 23.0g x 2260J/g
Q= 51,980J
Solution
e) Heat the steam from 373K to 381K
Q=mC∆T
Q= ?
m= 23.0 g
C= 2.00J/gK
∆T = 381K -373K = 8K
Q= 23.0g x 2.00J/gK x 8K=
Q= 368J
Solution
 f) locate each part of the question on the
curve
d e

a
Summary
 The heating curve is a
useful tool to show us the
changes in temperature,
energy, and entropy as a
sample is heated up. It
give us detailed
information about phases
and phase changes of
samples.
How much heat is needed to raise
the temperature of 25.6 grams of
water from 20.0 C to 50.0 C?
q = m c DT
What is the final temperature of
27.0 grams of liquid water, initially
at 0ºC, after it absorbs 700.0 J of
energy?
q = m c DT
THANK YOU
&
BRAVO BASTE

35
Intermolecular Forces of
Liquids and Solids; Heating
and Cooling Curve of a
Substance
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• construct and interpret a heating curve for water;
• construct heating and cooling curves of a pure
substance using experimental data; and
• demonstrate how heat energy can be used to raise
the temperature of a substance and weaken
intermolecular forces to cause a phase change.
 Recall how energy is involved in phase
changes.
How energy change affects the phase and
temperature of a material?
 A. Pre-laboratory discussion: Question to investigate
B. LABORATORY PROPER: Learners will perform the
Heating Curve for Water experiment.
Procedure
1. Gather all necessary materials and apparatuses.
2. Set up the beaker on the wire mesh above the Bunsen
burner (alcohol lamp) using either the tripod or iron ring
attached to an iron stand. DO NOT light the burner yet.
3. Put about 150 mL of crushed ice cubes into the beaker.
Record this temperature at time 0.
4. Record the temperature and phases WITHOUT adding
heat every minute for five minutes. Use the data sheet
provided for this purpose.
5. Adjust the burner or lamp so medium heat is
applied to the beaker with ice. If using a hot
plate, turn the temperature to LOW and stir the
ice occasionally with a spatula.
6. Record the temperature and phases (solid,
liquid, gas) every one minute until the water is
boiling (with lots of bubbles) for 5 minutes.
Remember, there may be more than one phase
present. Record all phases present.
7. After water has boiled for five minutes, all
remaining water can go into the sink. Dry off
your lab table and return all lab materials.
SEARCH: nect grade 10 heating and cooling curve of water
THANK YOU
&
BRAVO BASTE

52
Intermolecular Forces of
Liquids and Solids; Phase
Diagrams
• describe the components of a phase diagram;
• use phase diagrams of pure substances to determine
its phase at given temperature and pressure;
• interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon
dioxide;
How can this effect be achieved using CO2
or dry ice?
What does LPG stand for?
How can a gas be liquefied?
What conditions are needed to convert a
gas into a liquid?
Phase Diagrams
 Phase Diagrams
How are the conditions at which
phases are in equilibrium represented
on a phase diagram?
Phase Diagrams
The relationships among the solid, liquid,
and vapor states (or phases) of a
substance in a sealed container can be
represented in a single graph.
• The graph is called a phase diagram.

– A phase diagram gives the conditions of

temperature and pressure at which a
substance exists as a solid, liquid, or
gas (vapor).
Phase Diagrams

The conditions of pressure and

temperature at which two phases
exist in equilibrium are indicated on
the phase diagram by a line
separating the phases.
 Interpret Graphs

The phase diagram of water shows the

relationship among pressure, temperature, and
the physical states of water.
 Interpret Graphs

The phase diagram of water shows the

relationship among pressure, temperature, and
the physical states of water.
• In each of the
curving regions
of the phase
diagram, water
is in a single
phase.
 Interpret Graphs

The phase diagram of water shows the

relationship among pressure, temperature, and
the physical states of water.
• The curving line
that separates
water’s vapor
phase from its
liquid phase
describes the
equilibrium
conditions for
liquid and vapor.
 Interpret Graphs

The phase diagram of water shows the

relationship among pressure, temperature, and
the physical states of water.
• The other two
lines describe
the conditions
for equilibrium
between liquid
water and ice
and between
water vapor
and ice. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or
its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
 Interpret Graphs

The phase diagram of water shows the

relationship among pressure, temperature, and
the physical states of water.
• The point on
the diagram at
which all three
lines meet is
called the triple
point.
Phase Diagrams
The triple point describes the only set of

conditions at which all three phases can
exist in equilibrium with one another.
Phase Diagrams
The triple point describes the only set of

conditions at which all three phases can
exist in equilibrium with one another.
• For water, the triple point is
a temperature of 0.016°C
and a pressure of 0.61 kPa.
• This flask is at the triple
point. Freezing, melting,
boiling, and condensation
are all occurring at the same
time in the flask.
Phase Diagrams
By referring to the phase diagram of water, you can determine what happens if
you melt ice or boil water at pressures less than 101.3 kPa.

• A decrease in
pressure lowers the
boiling point and
raises the melting
point.
• An increase in
pressure will raise the
boiling point and lower
the melting point.
Phase
Below theDiagrams
triple point, the vapor and liquid
cannot exist in equilibrium.
• Increasing the pressure
won’t change the vapor
to a liquid.
• The solid and vapor are
in equilibrium at
temperatures below
0.016°C.
• With an increase in
pressure, the vapor
begins to behave more
like a solid.
At 1 atm, therefore, solid CO2 sublimes directly
to the vapor while maintaining a temperature
of −78.5°C, the normal sublimation
temperature. Solid CO2 is generally known as
dry ice because it is a cold solid with no liquid
phase observed when it is warmed.
Describe the meaning of a line in a
phase diagram.
Describe the meaning of a line in a
phase diagram.
Along a line in a phase diagram, two phases are in equilibrium with each
other.
1. What are the values for temperature and
pressure at STP?
2. What is the normal freezing point of this
substance?
3. What is the normal boilingzing point of
this substance?
4. What is the normal melting point of this
substance?
5. What is the phase of this substance at
2.0 atm and 100ºC?
6. What is the phase of this substance at
0.75 atm and 100ºC?
7. What is the phase of this substance at 0.5
atm and 100ºC?
8. What is the phase of this substance at 1.5
atm and 0ºC?
9. What is the phase of this substance at 1.5
atm and 200ºC?
10. What is the phase of this substance at
2.0 atm and 800ºC?
11. What is the condition of triple point of this
substance?
12. If a quantity of this substance was at an initial
pressure of 1.25 atm and a temperature of 300ºC
and was lowered to a pressure of 0.25 atm, what
phase transition(s) would occur?
13. If a quantity of this substance was at an initial
pressure of 1.25 atm and a temperature of 0ºC
and was lowered to 0.25 atm, what phase
transition(s) would occur?
14. If a quantity of this substance was at an
initial pressure of 1.00 atm and a
temperature of 200ºC and was lowered to a
temperature of -200ºC, what phase
transition(s) would occur?
15. If a quantity of this substance was at an
initial pressure of 0.5 atm and a temperature
of 200ºC and was lowered to a temperature
of -200ºC, what phase transition(s) would
occur?
16. If this substance was at a temperature of
2 atm, at what temperature would it melt?
17. If this substance was at a temperature of
2 atm, at what temperature would it boil?
18. If this substance was at a temperature of
0.75 atm, at what temperature would it melt?
19. If this substance was at a temperature of
0.75 atm, at what temperature would it boil?
20. At what temperature do gas and liquid
become indistinguishable from each other?
21. At what pressure would it be possible to
find this substance at gas, liquid and solid
phase?
THANK YOU &
BRAVO BASTE