MIMO in LTE

Ericsson
Academy
LEARN, SHARE, GROW
Introduction
Objectives & Agenda
Learning Objectives:
›Explain how MIMO is implemented in LTE
›Describe the Transmission Modes and Schemes
›Describe the MIMO features

Agenda:
›MIMO in LTE Introduction
›Tx Diversity
›Spatial Multiplexing
›UE Feedback
›Closed Loop Spatial Mux
›Open Loop Spatial Mux
›Recommended Antenna Configurations
›MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
›MIMO Features
 Disclaimer

This material is a training document and contains simplifications.

Therefore, it must not be considered as a specification of the system.
 
The contents of this document are subject to revision without notice due to ongoing progress in
methodology, design and manufacturing.
 
Ericsson Academy shall have no liability for any error or damage of any kind resulting from the use
of this document.
 
This document is not intended to replace the technical documentation.
Always refer to that technical documentation during operation and maintenance.

For latest release information, please refer to Lighthouse.

 
© Ericsson AB 2016
 
 This document was produced by Ericsson Academy.
What’s in it for you?

› Do you want to learn:

– How MIMO is implemented in
LTE? ›T
he
– Which Transmission modes an se
sw qu
we use? ere es
– The difference between open d i tion
nt s
and closed loop spatial his wil
multiplexing? co l be
urs
– Which antenna configurations e!
we recommend for different
scenarios?
– Our LTE features?
MIMO in LTE - Introduction
MIMO in LTE - Introduction

Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
UE Feedback
Closed Loop Spatial Mux
Open Loop Spatial Mux
Antenna Configurations
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO Features
LTE MIMO Schemes in 3GPP
Rel 8
› CRS based
› Up to 4x4 MIMO
› Single user MIMO (SU-MIMO)
– Precoded spatial multiplexing with rank adaption
– Used in DL
› Multi user MIMO (MU-MIMO)
– Tailored for multiple UEs per RB
– Max one layer per UE
– Used in UL
› Transmit diversity MU-MIMO
– Block code based SU-MIMO
– Used in DL
Spatial Multiplexing Operation

MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO
LTE – Multiple antenna
solutions
Four layers (4x4)
Different antenna solutions needed
Throughput

depending on what to achieve

Three layers (4x4)

Two layers (2x2)

Two layers + beam-forming (4x2)

Single layer 1x2 Single layer +

beam-forming (4x2)

Coverage
Multi-antenna transmission

› Multiple antenna ports  Multiple time-frequency grids

› Each antenna port defined by an associated Reference Signal (RS)
Cell-specific Reference Signals
- multiple antennas

› One reference signal per antenna port

– 1, 2, or 4 antenna ports supported
– specified per antenna port, reference signals are not pre-coded

› Different time/frequency resources used for different antenna ports

– Nothing transmitted on ‘other’ antennas when reference symbol transmitted on one
antenna
Reference signals
3GPP Rel 8 LTE DL
transmission modes
› TM 1 (”Single antenna port, port 0”)
– Single layer, no tx diversity

› TM 2 (”Transmit Diversity”)
– SFBC (Alamouti)

› TM 3 (”Open loop spatial multiplexing”)

– Tx schemes: Tx diversity and Large Delay CDD (”OLSM”)

› TM 4 (”Closed Loop spatial multiplexing”)

– Tx schemes: Beamforming and ”CLSM”

› TM 5 (”Multi User MIMO”)

– Tx schemes: Beamforming and MU-MIMO

› TM 6 (”Closed loop spatial multiplexing, single layer”)

– Tx schemes: ”CLSM rank 1” (Beamforming)

› TM 7 (”Single antenna port, port 5”)

– UE specific reference signals for non-codebook based beamforming
DL-SCH Processing
CRC insertion (24 bit per transport block) CRC
11 transport
or 2 transport
block
blocksper
perTTI
TTI
CRC

R=1/3 Turbo coding (with QPP interleaver) + possible code block Coding
Coding
segmentation and CRC insertion per code block

Rate matching, redundancy version generation HARQ

HARQ

Scrambling for inter-cell interference randomization Scrambling

Scrambling

Modulation (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) Modulation

Modulation

r
Mapping to transmission layers (for multi-layer a ye . Cw2L mapping
L ap
transmission) m 1-4 layers

e-
Pre-coding (for multi-rank transmission) Pr ode
c 1,2 or 4 antenna ports

Resource block mapping Resource block mapping

Resource block mapping

One
subf
ram
e
Precoding terminology
› Modulation symbols d mapped onto one or more layers by Codeword To Layer
mapping (CW2L)
› Layers x mapped onto Tx Antenna Ports by Precoder
› Transmitted signal y subject to radio channel transfer fcn and received as r

Modulation
symbols in Layers Tx Antenna
1 or 2 CWs 1,2,3 or 4 ports 1,2 or
4 H
d x y r
Radio
Cw2L Precoder Receiver
Channel
W for CLSM Rx Antenna
ports 1,2 or
W·D·U for OLSM 4
Tx Diversity
MIMO in LTE - Introduction

Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
UE Feedback
Closed Loop Spatial Mux
Open Loop Spatial Mux
Antenna Configurations
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO Features
 SFBC for two APs in theory...
- Alamouti code in frequency domain

› Equivalent to STTD, but in frequency domain

Complex conjugate:
(0) (0)
x (i )  d (2i ) (even symbols)
(1) ( 0)
Cw2L d  a  jb
x (i )  d ( 2i  1) (odd symbols)
d *  a  jb
 y ( 0 ) (2i )  1 0 j 0 Re{x ( 0) (i )}
 (1)  0  1 0 j   (1) 
 y ( 2i )  1   Re{ x (i )}
 y (2i  1)
( 0 )
2 0 1 0 j   Im{x (i )}
( 0 )

 (1)    
 y (2i  1)  1 0  j 0 (1)
  Im{x (i )}
 Re{x ( 0) (i )}  j Im{x ( 0 ) (i )}   x ( 0) (i )   d (2i )  AP0
     
1  Re{x (1) (i )}  j Im{x (1) (i )} 1  x (1) (i ) * 1  d (2i  1) *
  
 (1)
2 Re{x (i )}  j Im{x (i )} (1)   (1)
2 x (i )  2  d (2i  1) 
   (0)   
(0) ( 0)
 Re{x (i )}  j Im{x (i )}   x (i ) *   d ( 2i ) *  AP1
SFBC in ”practice”...

AP0
d(0)
d(1)
d(2) IFFT
d(3)

AP1
-d(1)*
d(0)* Rx
-d(3)* IFFT
d(2)*
Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO in LTE - Introduction

Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
UE Feedback
Closed Loop Spatial Mux
Open Loop Spatial Mux
Antenna Configurations
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO Features
Downlink spatial multiplexing
Layer mapping
Up to four layers

› Maximum of two code words Layer

Precoder
mapping
› Mapping to up to four layers
– Number of layers depends on channel ”rank”
– Dynamically adjusted based on UE reports
One code word Two code words Two code words Two code words

One layer Two layers Three layers Four layers

(No MIMO)

– Transport format (modulation scheme and code rate)

may differ between the code words
– Same number of symbols on each layer
CW to layer mapping
2CW 2layers
Layers
sf Precoder
yf
IDFT DFT
Codeword 1 Mod
CW2layer Wf
Codeword 2 Mod
IDFT DFT

Scrambled bits Modulation symbols

CW0 Mod
2 layers

CW1 Mod
CW to layer mapping
2CW 4layers

Scrambled bits Modulation symbols

CW0 Mod
4 layers

CW1 Mod
Closed & open loop spatial
multiplexing
› Closed-loop spatial multiplexing mode:
– Targeting scenarios with accurate CSI at eNodeB
› Typically low mobility
(unless highly spatially correlated channel)

Track instantanous channel to achieve array gain!

› Open-loop spatial multiplexing mode:

– Targeting scenarios with inaccurate CSI at eNodeB
› Typically high mobility
Go for diversity to achieve robustness!
UE Feedback
MIMO in LTE - Introduction

Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
UE Feedback
Closed Loop Spatial Mux
Open Loop Spatial Mux
Antenna Configurations
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO Features
UE Feedback of CSI
Coding &
Modulation

S/P CW2layer &

Precoder
Rec
Coding &
Modulation

CSI Feedback

› UE feedback CSI to assist link adaptation and scheduling

– RI: Rank Indicator
› Recommended transmission rank
– CQI(s): Channel Quality Indicator(s)
› Recommended transport format giving 10% BLER
› Frequency-selective reporting possible
– For closed-loop spatial multiplexing
› PMI(s): Precoder Matrix Indicator(s)
› Frequency-selective reporting possible
Periodic and Aperiodic CSI

› Periodic CSI on PUCCH

– Narrow bit pipe → small payload size → rough report
– Wideband CSI appropriate

› Aperiodic dynamically requested CSI on PUSCH

– Request CSI when needed!
– Wide flexible bit pipe → large paylod size → detailed report
– Frequency-selective CSI appropriate
› Supports frequency domain scheduling
 Reporting modes
› Nine different CSI modes
– 4 on PUCCH
– 5 on PUSCH
– Only a subset of modes possible for a certain transmission mode
› RI: UE recommends single wideband rank
PUCCH 1-0
PUCCH 2-0 PUSCH 3-0, 2-0
Wideband CQI
Frequency- selective
PUCCH 1-1 CQI
PUSCH 1-2
Frequency- selective
Wideband PMI
PMI
PUSCH 2-2

PUCCH 2-1 PUSCH 3-1 Frequency- selective

PMI
Wideband PMI
UE Computations for CSI

› Brute force search for best combination of RI and PMI

› Ideal algorithm:
– for each RI do
› for each PMI do
- compute SINR per layer
- SINRs → predicted throughput
– Select RI and PMI that gives highest predicted throughput over
relevant reference period and bandwidth
– Given selected RI and PMI(s)
› Based on SINR(s) for transport block find
highest transport format with BLER ≤ 10% → CQI
 PUCCH and PUSCH
reporting modes
PUSCH PUCCH
Tx Mode Reporting CQI PMI RI Reporting CQI PMI RI
Mode Mode
TM1-2 3-0 Sub-band - - 1-0 Wideband - -

TM3 3-0 Sub-band - YES 1-0 Wideband - YES

TM4 3-1 Sub-band Wideband YES 1-1 Wideband Wideband YES

TM7 3-0 Sub-band - - 1-1 Wideband Wideband -

TM8 3-1 Sub-band Wideband YES 1-1 Wideband Wideband YES

TM9 3-1 Sub-band Wideband YES 1-1 Wideband Wideband YES

TM10 3-1 Sub-band Wideband YES 1-1 Wideband Wideband YES

Closed Loop Spatial
Multiplexing
MIMO in LTE - Introduction

Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
UE Feedback
Closed Loop Spatial Mux
Open Loop Spatial Mux
Antenna Configurations
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO Features
Precoder codebook for SU-
MIMO
Two antenna ports (NA = 2)

Codebook Number of layers

index NL = 1 NL = 2

1 1
0 1
2 

1 1 1 1 1  PMI 0
1
2
1
  2 1 1

1 1  1 1 1 
2
2
 j 2  j  j  PMI 1
 

1 1 
3  
2  j 

Codebook subset and rank restriction:

›eNB can restrict precoder and rank
selection to arbitrary subset of possible
combinations.
2 Tx Cross polarized antennas
+/-45

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 1 Layer 2

1 1  1 1 
 j  j 1 1
   
Left hand
circular Vertical

Right hand
Horizontal
circular
2 Tx Co-polarized, Rank=2

› PMI=0 => Here L1 is zero

phase shift between
antennas and L2 has 180
degree phase shift

› PMI=1 => Here L1 is

shifted +90 degrees and
L2 is shifted -90 degrees
2 TX antennas, rank 2
- Uncorrelated antennas

Antenna
spacing
4*λ

Antenna
spacing
12*λ
Interpretation of pre-coder matrix
elements (4TX)
Example, 4 Tx, PMI=0

1  1  1  1  1 1
     
  1  1 1 1 1    1
  1 x 1  1  1  1   1 1 1 1  ; 1  1  1  1x   1  4
     
  1  1 1 1 1    1
     
 1 0 0 0   1 / 2  1 / 2  1 / 2  1 / 2  1 / 2 1 / 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 
     
 0 1 0 0   1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 / 2  1 / 2 1 / 2  1 / 2  1 / 2 
 0 0 1 0    1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2

1 / 2  1 / 2  1 / 2 1 / 2  1 / 2 
     
 0 0 0 1   1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 / 2  1 / 2  1 / 2  1 / 2 1 / 2 
 
  
And then

› For PMI=0 and one layer pick column 1 which is only ½

½ ½ ½ so this means NO CHANGE (one beam)

› For PMI=0 and two layers pick columns 1 and 4 which

means ½ ½ ½ ½ (NO CHANGE) for L1 and ½ -½ -½ ½
for L2 i.e. symbol on 2nd and 3rd antenna should have 180
degree phase shift

› Etc.
4 Tx Cross polarized antennas
+/-45
L1 L2 L3 L4
L1 L2 L3 L4

1 1 1 1  1 j 1  j
1 1  1  1  j 1  j 1 
   
1  1 1  1  1 j 1  j
   
1  1  1 1   j 1 j 1
4 Tx, PMI=0
› Rank1:
–For PMI=0 and one layer
NO CHANGE (one beam)

› Rank2:
–No Change for L1
–For L2 symbol on 2nd and
3rd antenna should have
180 degree phase shift
2 Tx vs 4 Tx, Rank=2

With more TX/antennas the beams are more

narrow but there are also more PCI to choose from
4tx, Rank=4, PMI=0-3
Open Loop Spatial
Multiplexing
MIMO in LTE - Introduction

Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
UE Feedback
Closed Loop Spatial Mux
Open Loop Spatial Mux
Antenna Configurations
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO Features
What is CDD? OLSM
› Same signal is transmitted from all antennas with different delays

› Sometimes matches the channel and sometimes mismatch

› Mix all the layers together and distribute them in equal proportion on the
antennas

› The mixing means all layers see the same channel quality

› Such an averaging provides increased robustness against imperfect link

adaptation
Large Delay CDD for 2 Tx
y (i )  W  D(i )  U  x(i )
1 1 0  (fixed)
W 0 1 
2  
1 0  1 0 
D (i )    j 2i / 2 
  ji 
(dependent on symbol no)
 0 e   0 e 
1 1 1  1 1 
U 1 e  j 2 / 2   1  1  (fixed)
2    
 y ( 0 ) (i ) 1  1 1  x ( 0) (i )
 (1)       (1) , i  1,3,5... the columns (layers)
 y (i )  2  1 1  x (i ) 
are swapped every
 y ( 0 ) (i ) 1 1 1   x ( 0) (i ) symbol
 (1)       (1) , i  0,2,4...
 y (i )  2 1  1  x (i ) 
Large Delay CDD – spatial
domain
1 1   1 1
1 1  1 1
   
90 90
2 Layer 2 2 Layer 1
120 60 120 60
Layer 1 Layer 2
1.5 1.5

150 1 30 150 1 30

0.5 0.5

180 0 180 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

270 270

Even symbols: Odd symbols:

Codeword 1 => ”layer 1” Codeword 1 => ”layer 2”
Codeword 2 => ”layer 2” Codeword 2 => ”layer 1”
Large Delay CDD – frequency
domain
› Every ”even” subcarrier will carry codeword 1 on ”layer 1” and codeword 2
on ”layer 2”
› Every ”odd” subcarrier will carry codeword 1 on ”layer 2” and codeword 2
on ”layer 1”

CW1 L1 L2 L1 L2 L1 L2

CW2 L2 L1 L2 L1 L2 L1
Large Delay CDD in
”practice”...
› The modulation symbols (d(0)(i) and d(1)(i)) are weighted and mapped differently
onto the sub-carriers, antenna ports and layers
› Provides diversity in antenna/frequency domain but relies on interleaving and
FEC
x(0)(i)=d(0)(i)
x(1)(i)=d(1)(i)
AP0
d(0)(0),d(1)(0)
d(0)(1),d(1)(1)
d(0)(2),d(1)(2) IFFT
d(0)(3),d(1)(3)
Antenna
pattern
AP1
d(0)(0),-d(1)(0)
-d(0)(1),d(1)(1) Rx
d(0)(2),-d(1)(2) IFFT
-d(0)(3),d(1)(3)
Large Delay CDD for 4 Tx
 y ( 0) (i )   x ( 0 ) (i ) 
   
    W (i ) D (i )U   
 y ( P 1) (i )  x ( 1) (i ) 
   
Antenna Configurations
MIMO in LTE - Introduction

Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
UE Feedback
Closed Loop Spatial Mux
Open Loop Spatial Mux
Antenna Configurations
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO Features
 Antenna Configurations

Antenna 4x2 MIMO UEs 4x4 MIMO UEs Comment

Configuration
|||| Poor Poor Not recommended
| | | | Suboptimal Better
XX Best Suboptimal Recommended
when most UEs
support up to 4x2
X X Suboptimal Best Recommended
when most UEs
support up to 4x4
RfBranch to RfPort mapping
- 4-port radio and 2-port radio
Antenna
Unit
RRU 1 RfPort A 1st RfBranch AuPort 0 +45

RfPort B 3rd RfBranch AuPort 1

-45
RfPort C 2 RfBranch
nd
AuPort 2 +45

RfPort D 4th RfBranch AuPort 3

-45

RfPort A 1st RfBranch AuPort 0 +45

RRU 1
RfPort B 2nd RfBranch AuPort 1
-45
RfPort C 3 RfBranch
rd
AuPort 2 +45
RRU 2
RfPort D 4th RfBranch AuPort 3
-45
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO in LTE - Introduction

Tx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
UE Feedback
Closed Loop Spatial Mux
Open Loop Spatial Mux
Antenna Configurations
MIMO after 3GPP Rel 8
MIMO Features
LTE transmission modes
Downlink transmission modes

Rel-8 › TM1 “Single-antenna port”

› TM2 “Transmit diversity”
› TM3 “Open-loop spatial multiplexing” 1, 2 or 4 antenna ports
with cell-specific
› TM4 “Closed-loop spatial multiplexing” reference signals (CRS)

› TM5 “Codebook based MU-MIMO”

› TM6 “Rank-1 closed-loop spatial
multiplexing”
› TM7 “Single layer transmission”
Rel-9 UE-specific reference signals for
› TM8 “Dual-layer transmission” demodulation (DM-RS)

+ 1 CSI-RS resource for

Rel-10 enhanced feedback
› TM9 “Up-to-8 layer transmission”
+ multiple CSI-RS resources,
Rel-11 CSI-IM – new interference measurements,
antenna port co-location, PDSCH mapping
› TM10 “TM9 + CoMP support” flexible configurability of RS sequences
Rel-10 RS Concept
Demodulation needs accurate channel estimation
Loose accuracy requirements for CSI feedback

Demodulation needs dense RS in time and frequency

Ok with sparse RS for CSI feedback

Different RS for different purposes!

UE specific RS for demodulation (DMRS)
Cell specific CSI-RS for CSI feedback

Adapting the RS to the specific conditions of the UE!

RS in the Resource Element
Grid

› DMRS overhead per RB pair

– 1 – 2 streams: 12 REs
– 3 – 8 streams: 24 REs

› CSI-RS overhead per RB pair

– 1 RE per port
– Limited processing gain

› High re-use factor for CSI-RS

– 1, 2 Tx: 20 resources
– 4 Tx: 10 resources
– 8 Tx: 5 resources
CSI-RS used for CSI feedback
CSI RS transmissions
every 5N:th subframe

Channel estimation

CSI
PMI/RI/CQI

› CSI-RS transmitted periodically

– Periodicity and subframe offset RRC configured

› CSI-RS heavily interferes with PDSCH of Rel-8/9 UEs

– Avoid scheduling Rel-8/9 UEs in CSI-RS subframes

Typically negligable CSI-RS overhead!

Feature description
› TM9 CSI-RS transmission
– Avoid NZP(Non-Zero-Power) CSI-RS collision by PCI
– ZP(Zero-Power) CSI-RS is optional configured by Mom to further
reduce neighboring cell interference to CSI-RS.
Details on New CSI feedback
› Codebook based factorized precoder structure for 8 Tx: W=W1W2
– W1 wideband/long-term → correlation based beamforming
– W2 narrowband/short-term → addressing e.g polarization properties

› Codebook tailored for closely spaced cross-poles: X X X X

– 8Basic
Tx idea
uniform linear array (ULA) also covered: | | | | | | | |
for 1—2 streams

Beamforming W1 One beamformed

per polarization stream per polarization
Polarization
precoding wbf
W2

wpol

wbf

Feedback for 8 Tx beamforming using grid of beams!

CW to layer mapping
2CW 8layers

Scrambled bits Modulation symbols

CW0 Mod

8 layers
CW1 Mod
Antenna ports and reference
signals
› An antenna port is defined by the reference signal associated with it.
– “Defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is
conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on
the same antenna port is conveyed.
– There is one resource grid per antenna port.
– The set of antenna ports supported depends on the reference signal
configuration in the cell.” 3GPP 36.211

Antenna Port Downlink Reference Signal (RS) 3GPP

Port 0-3 Cell specific RS (CRS) for up to 4 layers (TM3, TM4) Rel. 8
Port 4 MBMS Single Frequency Network (MBSFN RS) Rel. 8

Port 5 UE specific RS for Single-layer Beamforming (TM7) Rel. 8

Port 6 Positioning RS Rel. 9

Port 7-8 UE specific RS for Single-layer Beamforming (TM8) Rel. 9

Port 9-14 UE specific RS for Multi-layer Beamforming (TM9) Rel. 10
Port 15-22 Channel State Information (CSI) RS Rel. 10
MIMO Related Features
› Dual Antenna Downlink Performance Package
› 4x2 Quad Antenna Downlink Performance Package
› 4x4 Quad Antenna Downlink Performance Package
› Single Layer Beamforming Performance Package (TDD)
› Dual Layer Beamforming Performance Package (TDD)
› TM7 Mode Switching, TM8 Mode Switching (TDD)
› TM9 8x2 Octal Antenna DL Performance Package (TDD)
› MIMO Sleep Mode
› Interference Rejection Combining
› UL MU-MIMO
› Quad Antenna Uplink Performance Package
› Octal Antenna Uplink Performance Package (TDD)
Dual Antenna Downlink Performance
Package
Codeword sent
PDCCH indicator via DCI
format 1
redundantly on two
streams
› TM2 PDCCH

– Tx Diversity PDSCH

PDSCH
1 CW
PDSCH transmission via 2
antenna ports No antenna selection or
precoding feedback
CSI (RI)
› TM3 up to rank 2
– Large Delay CDD (same TF
and one CQI for both TBs) PDCCH indicator via DCI
format 2A 2 codewords sent on
two streams
– Tx Diversity PDCCH

PDSCH
1 or 2
CW (PDSCH)
PDSCH spatial multiplexing
using CDD. Transmission via 2 No antenna selection or
antenna ports precoding feedback

CSI (RI/CQI)
Dual Antenna DL Performance
Package Flowchart
DL Scheduling
DCI Format
Selection

DCI Format

Resource
Allocation
PRB resource
# codewords
CQI
DL assignment: Link
- TBS Adaptation
RI
- MCS
- PRB Resource

L1 Processing
# TB

2 1
Spatial Tx Diversity
Multiplexing

Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1

4x2 Quad Antenna Downlink
Performance Package
› TM2
– Tx Diversity
› TM4 up to rank 2 PDCCH indicator via DCI format 2

– CLSM (separate TF and CQI per TB) DL common channels, PBCH,

PCFICH, PDCCH and PHICH, use

– Beamforming transmit diversity as the transmission

scheme.

PDCCH

PDSCH
PDSCH
2 CW PDSCH

PDSCH

CSI (PMI/RI/CQI) UE feedback for

antenna selection and
precoding
PDSCH spatial multiplexing.
Transmission via 4 antenna
ports
4x4 Quad Antenna DL
Performance Package
› TM2
– Tx Diversity
› TM4 or TM3 up to rank 4
PDCCH indicator via DCI format 2(A)
– CLSM (separate TF and CQI per TB) DL common channels, PBCH, PCFICH,
PDCCH and PHICH, use transmit
– OLSM (same TF and CQI) diversity as the transmission scheme.

– Beamforming or Tx Div PDCCH

› DCI Format 2 or 2A
PDSCH
PDSCH
2 CW PDSCH

PDSCH

CSI (PMI/RI/CQI) UE feedback for

antenna selection and
precoding
PDSCH spatial multiplexing.
Transmission via 4 (or 2)
antenna ports
Single Layer Beamforming Performance
Package (TDD)
› Requires Octal Antenna UL Performance Pkg
› TM2-4, TM7
– Beamforming AP5
– Based on UL measurements
› Improves coverage and capacity
PDCCH indicator via DCI format 1
DL common channels, PBCH, PCFICH, PDCCH and PHICH, use
Beamforming, antenna ports 0 and 1, as the transmission
scheme
PDCCH

Antenna 0

1 CW
PDSCH
TM7 w0

Antenna 1
w1
PUSCH Port 5
Measurements on Antenna 2
PDSCH and UE specific RS PUSCH used as a
transmission via single antenna port basis for GoB w2
5 using GoB algorithm => algorithm for PDSCH
beamforming. Antenna 3

w3
Dual Layer Beamforming Performance
Package (TDD)
› Requires Octal Antenna UL Performance Pkg
› TM2-4, TM7-8
– Beamforming AP7-8
– Based on UL measurements
› Improves coverage and capacity
PDCCH indicator via DCI W1 Antenna 0

format 2B

TM8
Antenna 1

Antenna 2
PDCCH
Antenna 3

PDSCH s0
W2
s1
2 CW
Antenna 4

PDSCH Antenna 5

Antenna 6

PUSCH, PMI Antenna 7

PDSCH and UE specific RS Measurements on PUSCH used as a basis for GoB

transmission via antenna ports 7 and
8 using GoB algorithm => dual layer
beamforming.
algorithm for PDSCH
PMI reports from the UE are used to determine the
phase difference between the data transmitted on
each polarization.
TM7 Mode Switching (TDD)

› Automatic selection of TM based on channel quality

– TM3 (OLSM) for high throughput at high quality
– TM7 (beamforming) for cell edge user coverage

TM7
TM3
TM8 Mode Switching (TDD)

› Automatic selection of TM based on channel quality

– TM3 (OLSM) for high throughput at high quality
– TM8 (incl beamforming) for cell edge user coverage

TM8
TM3

Improved user performance

 TM9 – 8x2 Octal Antenna DL
Performance Package (TDD)
- multi layer beamforming (Rel-10)

CSI-RS - Cell specific RS for CSI feedback

PDCCH indicator via DCI Antenna 0
format 2C (or 1A for tx div)
DMRS - UE specific RS for demodulation W1
Antenna 1

PDCCH
Antenna 2
PDSCH
PDSCH Antenna 3

2 CW PDSCH
PDSCH s0
PDSCH W2
s1
PDSCH Antenna 4

PDSCH
Antenna 5
PDSCH
CSI (PMI/RI/CQI) CSI feedback Antenna 6
supporting 8 Tx and up
to 2 (8) streams Antenna 7

PDSCH transmission via antenna ports 7-8 (9-14)

UE specific RS on antenna ports 7-8 (9-14)
CSI RS on antenna ports 15-22
Requires UE support
for CSI-RS
Rf Branch to RfPort mapping
- 4-port radio and 2-port radio

Antenna
Unit
CSI-RS Port 19 Antenna 4 +45

CSI-RS Port 15 Antenna 0

-45
CSI-RS Port 20 Antenna 5 +45

CSI-RS Port 16 Antenna 1

-45
CSI-RS Port 21 Antenna 6 +45

CSI-RS Port 17 Antenna 2

-45
CSI-RS Port 22 Antenna 7 +45

CSI-RS Port 18 Antenna 3

-45
So, which mode is best?

› 2TX (Crosspol):
– Best mode is TM3 (OLSM)
– There is little or no benefit in running TM4 (CLSM) for 2TX.
› 4TX (Dual crosspol):
– Best mode for 4TX radio is TM4 (CLSM) (4x4,4x2).
› 8TX
– If UE do not support TM9, TM8 is most efficient. If TM8 not
supported, then TM7 or TM3 will be used
– TM7 and TM8 only for TDD
– TM9 for both TDD and FDD
– TM9 gives higher capacity and cell edge bit rates
– In order to run 8 layers spatial multiplexing TM9 is needed
MIMO Sleep Mode
› Automatic selection between
– MIMO at high traffic load
– SIMO at low traffic load
› Saves energy by switching off PA of the deactivated tx
antennas

MIMO (2 PA) SIMO (1 PA)

Effect of Interaction

Constructive Destructive
Interference and Directional
Properties

Constructive Interference
= peak in antenna diagram

Destructive Interference
= null in antenna diagram
MRC and IRC comparison
interferer

› Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)

– Beamforming
– Does not take interference into account
› Power gain + Diversity gain

interferer
› Interference Rejection combining (IRC)
– Beamforming with interference “nulling”
– Takes interference signals into account
› Power gain + Diversity gain + Interference
suppression gain
› Theoretically suppress N - 1 dominant
interferers
(N = # of receive antenna columns)
Interference Rejection Combining
(IRC)
› Inter Cell Interference suppressed by spatial combining of multiple
receiving antennas (per UE, per PRB)
› Replaces Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) dynamically in
interference limited situations
› Cancellation efficiency varies due to load and number of interferers
interferer

Improved capacity and coverage

UL MU-MIMO

› Description
– Two UEs are allocated the
same time/frequency
resources
– The UEs are separated
spatially with multiple
antennas at the basestation

› Operator benefit
– Improves UL capacity

Improved Network Capacity

SU- vs MU-MIMO

UE
UE
UE

SU-MIMO MU-MIMO
UL MU-MIMO
› Scheduler pairs two UEs and assigns same time/freq resource
› Uses IRC to suppress unwanted UE in each layer
UE1

UE2
Antenna combiner

Decoder Equalizer

Decoder Equalizer

Improved network capacity

UL MU-MIMO
Feature description
› UE Pairing for UL MU-MIMO

Allocate the same

Scheduled UE list PRB resources to
the paired UEs

UE2

UE5
Pairing
Quad Antenna Uplink
Performance Package
› Dynamic switching between IRC and MRC, dependent on
interference situation (IRC licence needed)
› Improved UL performance compared to Dual Antenna
› Uncorrelated antennas, X X or | |
Octal Antenna Uplink
Performance Package (TDD)
› Dynamic switching between IRC and MRC, dependent on
interference situation (IRC licence needed)
› Improved UL performance copared to Dual or Quad
Antenna
› Four correlated columns of x-pol antennas XXXX
– AP 0-3 \
– AP 4-7 /
Summary
Summary
MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO
› TM1-7 in Rel 8
› Tx Diversity
› OLSM
› CLSM
› Beamforming
› TM8-10
Throughput

› DMRS and CSI-RS

› Antenna configurations
› MIMO Related Features

Coverage
Quiz
 More
Information

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Thank you!