ROAD PERFORMANCE CURVES

Name : Sakshi Sunil Tungikar

Subject : Automobile Engineering
Class : BE Mechanical
Roll No. : BE19F02F061

Guided By: Dr. S. D. Ambekar

OUTLINE

1. Resistance
◦ Aerodynamic
◦ Rolling
◦ Grade
2. Tractive Effort
◦ Maximum Tractive Effort
◦ Engine Generated Tractive Effort
3. Acceleration
4. Braking
◦ Stopping Sight Distance
REVIEW
 Force (N):
◦ influence that tends to change motion
◦ mass (kg) * acceleration (m/s2)
 Torque (Nm):
◦ influence that tends to change rotational motion
◦ Force * lever arm
 Work (Nm):
◦ Force * distance
 Power (Nm/s):
◦ Rate of doing work (work/time)
PRIMARY OPPOSING FORCE
 Resistance (N): Force impeding vehicle motion
 Tractive Effort (N): Force available at the roadway
surface to perform work
SUM FORCES ON THE VEHICLE
 F = ma + Ra +Rrl + Rg
AERODYNAMIC RESISTANCE Ra
 Composed of:
1. Turbulent air flow around vehicle body (85%)
2. Friction of air over vehicle body (12%)
3. Vehicle component resistance, from radiators and
air vents (3%)
POWER REQUIRED TO OVERCOME Ra
 Power
◦ work/time
◦ force*distance/time
◦ Ra *V
ROLLING RESISTANCE Rrl
 Composed primarily of
◦ Resistance from tire deformation (90%)
◦ Tire penetration and surface compression (4%)
◦ Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel (6%)
◦ Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance
◦ Simplifying approximation:
POWER REQUIRED TO OVERCOME
ROLLING RESISTANCE
 On a level surface at maximum speed we could identify
available horsepower
GRADE RESISTANCE Rg
 Composed of
◦ Gravitational force acting on the vehicle
◦ The component parallel to the roadway
AVAILABLE TRACTIVE EFFORT
 The minimum of:
1. Force generated by the engine, Fe
2. Maximum value that is a function of the vehicle’s
weight distribution and road-tire interaction, Fmax
ENGINE-GENERATED TRACTIVE EFFORT
 Force
ENGINE GENERATED TRACTIVE EFFORT:
 Power
VEHICLE SPEED VS. ENGINE SPEED
DIAGRAM
MAXIMUM TRACTIVE EFFORT
TRACTIVE EFFORT RELATIONSHIPS
VEHICLE ACCELERATION
 Governing Equation

 Mass Factor (accounts for inertia of vehicle’s rotating

parts)
BRAKING
 Maximum braking force occurs when the tires are at a
point of impending slide.
◦ Function of roadway condition
◦ Function of tire characteristics
 Maximum vehicle braking force (Fb max) is
◦ coefficient of road adhesion (mu) multiplied by the
vehicle weights normal to the roadway surface
BRAKING FORCE
 Front axle

 Rear axle
BRAKING FORCE
 Maximum attainable vehicle deceleration is (mu)g
 Maximum obtained when force distributed as per weight
distribution
 Brake force ratio is this ratio that achieves maximum
braking forces
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (SSD)
 Worst-case conditions
◦ Poor driver skills
◦ Low braking efficiency
◦ Wet pavement
 Perception-reaction time = 2.5 seconds
 Equation