Conditional statements

Sequential execution requires the statements to be executed

by the computer one after the other, in order they are written.
Now, we will see how the order of execution of the
statements can be changed.
This will be done with the help of conditional statements.
This requires us to first, define a condition.
If the condition is satisfied, a set of statements will be
executed.
If not, it ignores that particular set of instruction.

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 Conditional statements

Second, we define statements or a set of statements that

will follow up.
These are also called selection statements.

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 Conditional statements
Relational Expressions
It is written to find a relation between two expressions
and it will return only one value. True or false.
Consists of variables, constants or arithmetic operators.
These are combined by a "relational operator"
For example, 10>6
It is a relation between two constants
Since 10 is greater than 6, this expressions returns a
true value. Means that the statement is true.
">" is a relational operator here.

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 Conditional statements
Relational operators
As explained, the operators used to show relation between two
expressions is a relational operator.
“>" greater than, if the first value is greater than the second one.
 e1>e2
True or false
">=" Greater than or equal to
 e1>=e2
True or false
“<" less than, similar to greater than
“<=" less than or equal to, which is similar to ">="

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 Conditional statements
Relational operators

“==‟ is equal to
 e1==e2
True or false
“ !=‟ is not equal to
 e1!=e2
True or false

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 Conditional statements
Relational operators
Example, if x=10, y=20, z=5 what will be the result of
following expressions
Relational Output
Expression

x>y
y>z
y != x
x ==z
x <= y
z >= y
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 Conditional statements
Relational operators

Example, if x=10, y=20, z=5 what will be the result of

following expressions
Relational Output
Expression
x>y False
y>z True
y != x True
x ==z False
x <= y True
z >= y False

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 Conditional statements
The "if" statement:
Exampl
e x=10 and y=4
 Let
 if(x>y)
x+y;
x*y;
 The above
statement will
see if x is
greater, as in
this case it is,
the result will
be something
like:
 x+y=14 8
 Conditional statements
The "if" statement:
Used to execute (or ignore) a set of statements
After the "if‟ condition is tested
Syntax
 if
(condition)
statement-
1;
statement-2;
if(10>6); Here
the condition is
‟10>6‟
If 10 is indeed greater than 6, then the statements under
the if condition are followed. 9
 Conditional statements
The "if" statement:
If there is a set of instructions, the statements are
enclosed within “{ }“.
The Syntax then would be
if (condition)
{
statement-1
statement-
2
statement-3
statement-
m
}
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 Conditional statements
The "if" statement:
All the statements within "{ }‟ are called "compound
statements“.
If the condition given in "if statement‟ is true, the
compound statements in the braces are executed.
If in the case the condition is false, the statements
within
the brackets are ignored and statement-n is
executed.
Noteworthy to remember that statement-n will be
executed in both the cases.
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Conditional statements

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-01
{
int
a,b;
a=100;
b=50;
if(a>b
)
cout << "Islamabad!" <<
endl; cout<<"ok"<<endl;
return 0;
} 1
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-01 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-02
{
int n;
cout<<“enter the value of n”<<endl;
cin>>n;
if(n>10)
{
cout<<"Islamabad"<<endl;
cout<<"ok"<<endl;
}
cout << "Hello world!" << endl;
return 0;
} 1
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-02 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-02 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-03
{
int n;
cout<<"Enter a Number?
"; cin>>n;
if(n%3==0)
{
cout<<"the number is
divisible by 3"<<endl;
}
cout << "Hello world!" <<
endl; return 0;
} 1
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-03 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-03 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-04
{
int a,b;
cout<<"Enter first value =
"; cin>>a;
cout<<"Enter second
value = ";
cin>>b;
if(a>b)
cout<<"First value is
greater"; if(b>a)
cout<<"Second value is
greater"; return 0;
} 2
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-08 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-08 (cout)

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Example 2-08:

Is there any error in this particular

program?

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-08 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-08:

int a, b;
cout<<"Enter first number? "<<endl;
cin>>a;
cout << "Enter second number? " <<endl;
cin>>b;
if(a>b)
cout<<"First number is greater";
if (b>a)
cout<<"Second number is greater";
if (a==b)
cout<<“two numbers are equal"; 2
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Example 2-08:

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-05
float cu, pu, units,
cout<<"Enter the current reading ? ";
bill; //2460
cin>>cu;
cout<<"Enter the previous reading ? "; //2000
cin>>pu;
units=cu-pu;
if(units>300)
bill=units*3.5+units*(0.05/100);
if(units<=300)
bill=units*3.0;
cout<<"This month units are = "<<units<<endl;
cout << "Electricity bill is = "<<bill<<endl;
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-05 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-05 (cout)

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 Conditional statements

Extra points:

When you receive an error, it probably is a syntax error.

First look at where the red block is. Then look in the prompt
panel of the code blocks program to see what the error is.
Always look 2 lines above or below the red blocked line to find
the exact error, if it is not clarified.
All variables must be declared before they are used.
The compound statements in the curly brackets, are or is called
block(s).
Semi colon “; “ is a statement terminator, it indicates the end of
each logical entry.
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 Conditional statements
Extra points:
The statement
if(a>b)
cout<<“hello”
;
Can also be written as
if(a>b)
cout<<“hello”;

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 Conditional statements
The "if-else" Statement:

Second part of the “ if ‟ statement.

This is used to make two way decisions.
If in a given condition, the result is true, it follows first
block/set of statements.
If in the given condition, the result is false, it follows the
second/other block/set of statements.
Either set of statements is executed after the evaluation of
the given condition.
Flow chart

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Conditional statements

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 Conditional statements
Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() // Most important part of the program!
{
int age; // Need a variable...
cout<<"Please input your age: "; // Asks for age
cin>> age; // The input is put in age
// Throw away enter
if ( age < 60 ) // If the age is less than 60
cout<<"You are young!\n"; // Just to show you it works...
else
cout<<"You are old\n"; // Executed if no other statement is there
return 0;
}
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Example (output):

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Example (output):

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-07
{
int n;
cout<<"Enter an integer value ? "; cin>>n;
if(n>100)
cout<<"number is greater than 100";
else
cout<<"number is equal to or less than 100";
return 0;
}

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-07 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-07 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
The "if-else" Statement:

Syntax-1
If (condition)
Statement-1;
else
Statement-2;

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2
The "if-else" Statement:
Syntax-2
if (condition) First Block
{
Statement-1;
Statement-2;
Statement-z;
}
else
{ Second Block

Statement-1;
Statement-2;
Statement-z;
} 4
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Example 2-09:
int basic,ma,fa,hr,net;
cout<<"Enter your basic pay = “<<endl;
cin>>basic;
if (basic>5000)
{
ma=basic*2/100;
ca=193;
hr=basic*45/100;
}
else
{
ma=basic*5/100;
ca=196;
hr=basic*45/100;
}
net=basic+ma+fa+hr;
cout<<"your net pay is = "<<net;
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-09 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-09 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-09 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-10 (odd/even number)
{
int n;
cout<<"Enter an integer value ?
"<<endl; cin>>n;
if (n%2==1)
cout<<"it is an odd
number"<<endl; else
cout<<"it is an even
number"<<endl; return 0;
}
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-10 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-10 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-11(equal or different numbers)

{
int a,b;
cout << "enter the first value = " << endl;
cin>>a;
cout<<"enter the second value = "<<endl;
cin>>b;
if (a%3 == b%3)
cout<<“C++”;
else
cout<<"Programming fundamentals";
return 0;
} 5
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-11 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-11 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
The “nested if"
Statement:
When an “if statement” is used within another “if statement” it is
called “nested if statement“.
It is used for multi-way decision making.
Syntax
if (condition-1)
{
if (condition-2)
{statement-1;
}
Statement-n;

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FLOW
CHART

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FLOW CHART

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 Conditional statements

The “nested if"

Statement:
You can use more than one statements in this case.
After the set of “ if " and the "nested if‟ conditions, you can
put another if statement.
Or an else statement.
Or simply just any regular statement like cout stream.
We will practice different scenarios for nested if statements
before proceeding to more complicated problems.

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-12(three similar or different values)
int a,b,c;
cout<<"Enter first value = "<<endl;
cin>>a; //15,15,15
cout << "Enter second value = " << endl;
cin>>b; //15,20,15
cout<<"Enter third value = "<<endl;
cin>>c; //15,25,20
If (a==b)
{
if(a==c)
cout<<"All values are equal";
}
else
cout<<"these values are different“;

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-12 (cout)

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Example 2-12 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-12 (cout)

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Example 2-13 (which number is greater)
cout<<"Enter first no. "; cin>>a;//5,15,30
cout<<"Enter second no. "; cin>>b; //4,20,25
cout<<"Enter third no. "; cin>>c; //3,18,35
if (a>b)
{
if(a>c)
cout<<"First no. is greater ";
else
cout<<"Third no. is greater ";
}
else if(b>c)
{
cout<<"Second no. is greater ";
} 63
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-13(cout)

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4
Example 2-13 (which number is greater)
cout<<"Enter first no. "; cin>>a; //5,15,30
cout<<"Enter second no. "; cin>>b; //4,20,25
cout<<"Enter third no. "; cin>>c; //3,18,35
if(a>b)
{
if(a>c)
cout<<"First no. is greater ";
else
cout<<"Third no. is greater ";
}
else if(b>c)
cout<<"Second no. is greater ";

else
cout<<"Third no. is greater “;

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-13 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-13 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-13 (cout)

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Example 2-14 (Grading of students)
int s1,s2,s3,avg;
char grade;
cout<<"Enter the marks of subject 1 ";cin>>s1; //25,50,90
cout << "Enter the marks of subject 2 "; cin>>s2; //26,70,80
cout<<"Enter the marks of subject 3 "; cin>>s3; //50,65,80
avg=(s1+s2+s3)/3;
if(avg>33) //if no1
{
if (avg>50) //if no 2
{
if(avg>80) //if no 3
grade='A';
else //else no 3
grade='B';
}
else //else no 2
grade='C';
}
else //else no1
grade='F';
cout<<"Avg of subjects is = "<<avg<<endl;
cout<<"Grade = "<<grade<<endll; 7
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-14 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-14 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-14 (cout)

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Example: (username
+password)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char username;
int password;
cout<<"Enter username:";
cin>>username;
cout<<"enter password:";
cin>>password;
if(username=='a')
{
if (password==12345)
cout<<"Login successful";
else
cout<<"Password is incorrect, Try again.";
}
else
cout<<"Username is incorrect, Try again.";
return 0;
} 7
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Output:

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Output:

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Output:

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 Conditional statements
The nested "if-else“ or "else-if"
Statement:
 “if" condition followed by one or more "else if‟ statement(s) then
the block/set of statements under the "if‟ condition is called "nested
if- else" statement.
 This can be used for a multiple selection problem, i.e. if we
have more than one condition but only one option to select.
 Syntax
 if(condition-1)
statement-1;
else if(condition-
2)
statement-2;
else if(condtion-
3)
statement-
3; and so
on…
else
if(condition- 7
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-15 (Arithmetic
operations) int a, b;
char op;
cout<<"Enter first integer, operator and then second integer\n
"; cout<<"And press Enter key for each input ";
cin>>a >>op >>b
; if(op == '+')
cout<<"Addition = "<<
(a+b); else if(op == '-')
cout<<"Subtraction = "<< (a-
b); else if(op == '*')
cout<<"Multiplication = "<<
(a*b); else if(op == '/')
cout<<"Division = "<<
(a/b);
else
cout<<"Invalid input"; 7
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-15 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-15 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-15 (cout)

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 Conditional statements
Example 2-15 (Arithmetic
operations) int a, b;
char op;
cout<<"Enter first integer, operator and then second integer\n
"; cout<<"And press Enter key for each input ";
cin>>a >>op >>b // 78 / 3 = 26
; if(op == '+') // ignored
cout<<"Addition = "<<
(a+b); else if(op == '-') // ignored
cout<<"Subtraction = "<< (a-
b); else if(op == '*') // ignored
cout<<"Multiplication = "<<
(a*b); else if(op == '/') // true & executes
cout<<"Division = "<< // shows this
(a/b); output
else // ignored
cout<<"Invalid input"; 8
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 Conditional statements
Example 2-15 (cout)

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Example: (two numbers relation)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number1, number2;
cout<<"Enter two integers: “;
cin>>number1>>number2;
if (number1 == number2) //checks if two integers are equal.
{
cout<<“number1 is equal to number2”;
}
else if (number1 > number2) //checks if number1 is greater than number2.
{
cout<<“number1 is greater than number2”;
}
else // if both test expressions are false
{
cout<<“number1 is smaller than number2”;
}
return 0; 8
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Example: (two numbers relation)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int number1, number2;
cout<<"Enter two integers: “;
cin>>number1>>number2;
if (number1 == number2) //checks if two integers are equal.
{
cout<<“number1 is equal to number2”;
}
else if (number1 > number2) //checks if number1 is greater than number2.
{
cout<<“number1 is greater than number2”;
}
else if (number1<number2) // if both test expressions are false
{
cout<<“number1 is smaller than number2”;
}
return 0; 8
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Example (output):

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Example (output):

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Example (output):

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Example: (positive or negative number)

{
int num;
/* Input number from user */
cout<<"Enter any number: “;
cin>>num;
if(num > 0)
cout<<"Number is POSITIVE";
else if (num < 0)
cout<<“Number is NEGATIVE";
else
cout<<“ Number is ZERO";
return 0;
}

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0
Example: (positive or negative number)

{
int num;
/* Input number from user */
cout<<"Enter any number: “;
cin>>num;
if(num > 0)
cout<<"Number is POSITIVE";
else if (num < 0)
cout<<“Number is NEGATIVE";
else if(num==0)
cout<<“ Number is ZERO";
return 0;
}

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Example: (output)

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Example: (output)

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Example: (output)

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