10

Quarter 4
Learning Packet 1

The Woman
Research Technical Terms
 Objectives
Distinguish technical terms used in research
 cravat sonorous
a short, wide strip of fabric worn by capable of producing a deep
men around the neck and tucked inside or ringing sound.
Word Bank
an open-necked shirt.

fretful
feeling or expressing distress or irritation

scrimping deviation
be thrifty or parsimonious; economize.
the action of departing from an
established course or accepted
standard.
Reading Selection
The Woman
by
Alice Ruth Moore
 The Woman
The literary manager of the club arose, cleared his throat, adjusted his cravat, fixed his eyes sternly upon the
young man, and in a sonorous voice, a little marred by his habitual lisp, asked: “Mr. ——, will you please tell us
your opinion upon the question, whether woman’s chances for matrimony are increased or decreased when she
becomes man’s equal as a wage earner?”
The secretary adjusted her eyeglass, and held her pencil alertly poised above her book, ready to note which
side Mr. —— took. Mr. —— fidgeted, pulled himself together with a violent jerk, and finally spoke his mind.
Someone else did likewise, also someone else, then the women interposed, and jumped on the men, the men
retaliated, a wordy war ensued, and the whole matter ended by nothing being decided, pro or con—generally the
case in wordy discussions. Moi? Well, I sawed wood and said nothing, but all the while there was forming in my
mind, no, I won’t say forming, it was there already. It was this, Why should well-salaried women marry?
Take the average working-woman of to-day. She works from five to ten hours a day, doing extra night work,
sometimes, of course. Her work over, she goes home or to her boarding-house, as the case may be. Her meals are
prepared for her, she has no household cares upon her shoulders, no troublesome dinners to prepare for a fault-finding
husband, no fretful children to try her patience, no petty bread and meat economies to adjust. She has her cares, her
money-troubles, her debts, and her scrimpings, it is true, but they only make her independent, instead of reducing her
to a dead level of despair. Her day’s work ends at the office, school, factory or store; the rest of the time is hers,
undisturbed by the restless going to and from of housewifely cares, and she can employ it in mental or social
diversions. She does not incessantly rely upon the whims of a cross man to take her to such amusements as she
desires. In this nineteenth century she is free to go where she pleases—provided it be in a moral atmosphere—without
comment. Theatres, concerts, lectures, and the lighter amusements of social affairs among her associates, are open to
her, and there she can go, see, and be seen, admire and be admired, enjoy and be enjoyed, without a single harrowing
thought of the baby’s milk or the husband’s coffee.
Her earnings are her own, indisputably, unreservedly, undividedly. She knows to a certainty just how much she can
spend, how well she can dress, how far her earnings will go. If there is a dress, a book, a bit of music, a bunch of
flowers, or a bit of furniture that she wants, she can get it, and there is no need of asking anyone’s advice, or gently
hinting to John that Mrs. So and So has a lovely new hat, and there is one ever so much prettier and cheaper down at
Thus & Co.’s. To an independent spirit there is a certain sense of humiliation and wounded pride in asking for money,
be it five cents or five hundred dollars. The working woman knows no such pang; she has but to question her account
and all is over. In the summer she takes her savings of the winter, packs her trunk and takes a trip more or less
extensive, and there is none to say her nay,—nothing to bother her save the accumulation of her own baggage. There
is an independent, happy, free-and-easy swing about the motion of her life. Her mind is constantly being broadened by
contact with the world in its working clothes; in her leisure moments by the better thoughts of dead and living men
which she meets in her applications to books and periodicals; in her vacations, by her studies of nature, or it may be
other communities than her own.
The freedom which she enjoys she does not trespass upon, for if she did not learn at school she has acquired since
habits of strong self-reliance, self-support, earnest thinking, deep discriminations, and firmly believes that the most
perfect liberty is that state in which humanity conforms itself to and obeys strictly, without deviation, those laws
which are best fitted for their mutual self-advancement.
And so your independent working woman of to day comes as near being ideal in her equable self poise as can
be imagined. So why should she hasten to give up this liberty in exchange for a serfdom, sweet sometimes, it is true,
but which too often becomes galling and unendurable. It is not marriage that I decry, for I don’t think any really sane
person would do this, but it is this wholesale marrying of girls in their teens, this rushing into an unknown plane of
life to avoid work. Avoid work! What housewife dares call a moment her own?
 Marriages might be made in Heaven, but too often they are consummated right here on earth, based on a
desire to possess the physical attractions of the woman by the man, pretty much as a child desires a toy, and an
innate love of man, a wild desire not to be ridiculed by the foolish as an “old maid,” and a certain delicate shrinking
from the work of the world—laziness is a good name for it—by the woman. The attraction of mind to mind, the
ability of one to compliment the lights and shadows in the other, the capacity of either to fulfil the duties of wife or
husband— these do not enter into the contract. That is why we have divorce courts.
And so our independent woman in every year of her full, rich, well-rounded life, gaining fresh knowledge and
experience, learning humanity, and particularly that portion of it which is the other gender, so well as to avoid clay-
footed idols, and finally when she does consent to bear the yoke upon her shoulders, does so with perhaps less
romance and glamor than her younger scoffing sisters, but with an assurance of solid and more lasting happiness.
Why should she have hastened this; was aught lost by the delay?
 “They say” that men don’t admire this type of woman, that they prefer the soft, dainty, winning, mindless
creature who cuddles into men’s arms, agrees to everything they say, and looks upon them as a race of gods turned
loose upon this earth for the edification of womankind. Well, may be so, but there is one thing positive, they
certainly respect the independent one, and admire her, too, even if it is at a distance, and that in itself is something.
As to the other part, no matter how sensible a woman is on other questions, when she falls in love she is fool enough
to believe her adored one a veritable Solomon. Cuddling? Well, she may preside over conventions, brandish her
umbrella at board meetings, tramp the streets soliciting subscriptions, wield the blue pencil in an editorial sanctum,
hammer a type-writer, smear her nose with ink from a galley full of pied type, lead infant ideas through the tortuous
mazes of c-a-t and r-a-t, plead at the bar, or wield the scalpel in a dissecting room, yet when the right moment
comes, she will sink as gracefully into his manly embrace, throw her arms as lovingly around his neck, and cuddle
as warmly and sweetly to his bosom as her little sister who has done nothing else but think, dream, and practice for
that hour. It comes natural, you see.
 Comprehension Questions

1. Who is the narrator? What can you tell about the narrator based on the ideas in the text?

2. What is the main argument about why well-salaried women should not marry?

3. What is the narrator’s implied attitude towards housewives? Did the narrator’s attitude change by the end of the
text? Why do you say so?
 Comprehension Questions
4. What does the narrator dislike or disagree with most about marriage?

5. According to the narrator, what is an “ideal” marriage? Do you agree? Why or why not?

6. Discuss the following passage: “The attraction of mind to mind, the ability of one to compliment the lights and
shadows in the other, the capacity of either to fulfil the duties of wife or husband— these do not enter into the
contract.”
Key Language
Structure
 What is Research?
Research is a method of systematic inquiry that
involves gathering data, documenting key information,
then analyzing and interpreting that data/information using
methodologies established by certain professional
professions and academic disciplines.

Research is carried out to determine the validity of

a hypothesis or interpretive framework, to compile a body
of substantive knowledge and findings for proper sharing,
and to generate questions for further investigation.
Technical Terms

All technical and scientific writing requires the use of

technical words. Each field and expertise often has a
vocabulary that uses technical jargon to convey a number
of specific notions.

Technical jargon is generally regarded of as a kind of

shorthand, a technique of conveying a lot of information in
a few words.
When using specialist terminology, keep these four guidelines in mind:

 Match terminology to the audience's ability. It's critical to be mindful of your audience's comprehension level. If they
aren't experts in your industry, you'll have to replace your specialized phrases with more basic terms.

 Consistently use phrases. Make sure you always refer to an item by the same name. You may confuse the reader if you
switch from mass to weight when referring to an object's quantity, if you name a tool a spanner at first and then a
wrench, or if you switch from the Kelvin scale to the Centigrade scale when measuring temperature.

 Give precise definitions or explanations for new words. Even if your audience is an expert one, if you employ a
specialist phrase that is not frequently used in your audience, make sure you provide a clear definition of your term.

 When you're bringing a lot of new phrases into your discussion, make a terminology list. A list, which is usually
included before or after your introduction or in an appendix, can substantially assist a reader who wants to review what
you mean by a phrase.
Technical Terms
Term Definition
Abstract A brief definition of a research study
Applied research Conducted to generate knowledge that influences or improves practice
Basic Research Research that tests theories
Conceptual Definition A variable, such as anxiety, may be defined as a feeling of uneasiness 
Concepts The building blocks of theories

Constitutive definition The basic, dictionary meaning

Control group In experiments, the one that does not get the treatment
Correlational Study A type of research design that depicts a relationship between variables, but not necessarily
one of cause-effect

Data Information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation

Delimitations It addresses how the study will be narrowed in scope.
Technical Terms
Term Definition
Dependent variable The concept that the researcher is most interested in understanding
Descriptive study Research design that describes “what is” (e.g., a survey)
Experiment A research design used to find “cause-effect” relationships (e.g., the “effect of…on…”)
External validity How generalizable the results are as it concerns other populations and locations
Extraneous Variables that may influence or contaminate the data

Heterogeneous Groups under study that are very different or varied

Homogeneous Groups that are very similar

Hypothesis A statement written by the researcher that states the relationship among or between
variables
Independent variable The concept being studied that usually indicates the influence or cause; the one that the
researcher is manipulating
Inductive reasoning The basis for the qualitative research approach
Technical Terms
Term Definition
Deductive reasoning Depends on premises and is the basis for the quantitative research approach
Internal validity The extent to which a study measures what it is supposed to measure (accuracy within a study)
Introduction Establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research to be conducted.
Limitations Identify potential weaknesses of the study
Measures of central Averages (e.g., the mean)
tendency
Mean The arithmetic average

Median The middle where half the scores fall above, half below, eliminates the influence of outliers
Methodology Systematic approach to the conduct of a process. It includes steps of procedure, application of
techniques, systems of analysis, and the modes of inquiry employed by a discipline.
Mode The score that occurs the most
Null hypothesis The proposition, to be tested statistically, that the experimental intervention has "no effect,“
meaning that the treatment and control groups will not differ as a result of the intervention.
Technical Terms
Term Definition
Operational definition How a term is used in a study
Participant Also called respondents, their characteristics and responses are the object of study in research
Principal investigator The person who oversees a research
Population the target group under investigation. The population is the entire set under consideration.
Samples are drawn from populations.
Purpose of the study Specific research aims and objectives for the research

Qualitative Research Trying to verify or generate descriptive theory that is grounded in the data gleaned from the
investigation (naturalistic)
Quantitative Research Answers a specific research question by showing statistical evidence that the data may be
addressed in a particular way (experimental)
Questionnaire Structured sets of questions on specified subjects that are used to gather information

Random Sample Everybody has the same chance of being assigned to any group.
Research A systematic, objective way to generate facts
Technical Terms
Term Definition
Research design The method for finding out what the researcher wants to know, experiment, and correlate
Research Methodology The method of research design (paradigm as well as statistics and analysis) as well as the
approximate timeline for completion of the study
Relationship The bond or connection between two variables
Sample A smaller group that represents the population of interest

Significance of the study It is written as part of the introduction of a thesis. It provides details to the reader on the
study’s value such as what the study will contribute and who will benefit from it.
Standard Deviation A measure of spread; the average deviation of a group of scores from the mean

Statement of the problem Part of the introduction that enumerates the research questions which the study sought to
answer
Statistical Analysis Application of statistical processes and theory to the compilation, presentation, discussion,
and interpretation of numerical data.
Statistical Significance An important finding that did not likely happen by chance
Technical Terms
Term Definition
Statistics Mathematical tools based on the normal curve used to analyze data; it must match with
research designs.
T-score A standard score on the normal curve where the mean is assigned “50” deviations of “10.”
Allows a more simple interpretation of student achievement.
Subject The people who are being studied
T-test A parametric statistical tool that compares differences between the means of two groups;
assumptions for use include normal distribution and at least interval data.
Theory A generalization that presents a representation about relationships among phenomena
Validity Accuracy, the extent to which a test or study measures what it is supposed to measure

Variable A quality of interest or concepts that can be manipulated, observed, or studied

Research Problem
1. identify a broad topic
2. choose a specific topic
3. raise questions about a chosen topic
4. formulate objectives
5. write your research question and
hypothesis
 How general topic is narrowed down to specific topic?
ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS

POLLUTION WASTE

SOLID ELECTRONIC MEDICAL

AIR WATER
WASTE WASTE WASTE

SOLID WASTE MEDICAL

E-WASTE
SMOG EUTROPHICATION MANAGEMENT WASTE
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
Example:
Broad topic: ENVIRONMENT
Specific topic: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
DUMALINAO
objectives: To identify different ways of solid waste
disposal
Research Problem: What can we do regarding the solid
waste problem in Dumalinao?
Hypothesis: Solid waste can be managed through recycling
and reducing waste.
Performance
Activity
Directions: Think of a general topic that you
would like to study. Create your own chart
as stated in the example to narrow down the
general topic into specific topics. Choose
one topic that you would like to research on.
A. graphic organizer (50 pts.)
B. follow the format in writing your
research problem (50 pts.)
 REPETITION – use
the same words or
phrases in a literary
work.
Types of Repetition
1. anadiplosis 2. antistasis
3. diacope 4. epanalepsis
5. epimone 6. epiphora
7. gradatio 8. symploce
9. negative-positive restatement
10. epizeuxis
11. anaphora
12. mesodiplosis
13. epistrophe/epiphora
14. antanaclasis
 Epizeuxis is the repetition of a single word or phrase in rapid
succession. This form of repetition is often used for dramatic effect.
For example, emphasizing a character character’s distress by
showing them sinking to their knees and crying “Why, why, why!” or
showcasing an adamant refusal (or disbelief) with the sentence, “Oh,
no. No, no, no, no, no! No!”
Shakespeare made liberal use of Epizeuxis repetition. Perhaps one
of his most famous epizeuxis examples comes from King Lear, after
his daughter has died:
“Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life,
and thou no breath at all? Thou'lt come no more,
never, never, never, never, never!”
Anaphora is the repetition of a single word or phrase
at the beginning of several sentences or clauses in a row.
Anaphora helps to create a rhythm to the text, and helps
to string together related ideas.
Take a look at this anaphora example from A Tale of Two
Cities by Charles Dickens:
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the
age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch
of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of
Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of
hope, it was the winter of despair.”
 What is mesodiplosis?
Mesodiplosis is the repetition of a word or
phrase in the middle of several concurrent
sentences or clauses. Below is an example of
mesosiplosis:
“He was happy, but not elated. He was sad, but not
devastated. He was confused, but not totally lost.”
Here, the words “but not” are repeated in all
three sentences, making the sentence structure
repetitive.
 What is epistrophe?
Epistrophe, also knowns as epiphora, is the repetition of a word
or phrase at the end of several sentences or clauses in a row. As wit
amphora, epistrophe is used to drive home a point. It places the
emphasis on the end of the sentence to heighten emotion going into
the next sentence.
Take a look at this epistrophe example from the Gettsyburg Address
“…that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall no
perish from the earth.”
Here, Abraham Lincoln, in trying to reunite two warring sides of the
country, used the words “the people” to drive home the idea that it
is the people who make a country.
 What is symploce?
Symploce is the repetition of words or phrases at both the
beginning and the end of several sentences or clauses in a row.
Symploce is a mix of anaphora and epistrophe. The repetition drives
home the entire text, and is useful in trying to convince a reader of
something.
Below is a symploce example from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar:
“Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him
have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any
speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his
country? If any, speak; for him have I offended …”
 What is antanaclasis?
Antanaclasis is the repetition of the same word with
two different meanings. Antanaclasis comes from the
Greek word, "antanáklasis," which translates to
"reflection." Antanaclasis is a type of pun, or play on
words.
Below is an antanaclasis example from
Shakespeare’s Henry V.
“To England will I steal, and there I'll steal.”
 What is antistasis?
Antistasis is the repetition of the same word or phrase
with two contrary meanings. Antistasis comes from the
Greek meaning “to stand against” or “opposing position.”
This is a more advanced form of antaclasis. The point
here is the fact that the two uses of the language are at
odds with each other.
One antistasis example is the common expression
“Working hard or hardly working?” Here, the words
“work” and “hard” are repeated, but with completely
opposite meanings.
 What is negative-positive restatement?
Negative-positive restatement is a repetition technique in which the
same statement is made twice, first negatively, and then with a positive spin put
on it. This is not to say that something negative is first said but rather that the first
statement is about what is “not” and the second statement is about what “is.” Not
this, but that. Usually these two run in parallel with each other. One of the most
famous negative-positive restatement examples are JFK’s words, “Ask not what
your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.”
Here's another negative-positive restatement example from Robert Louise
Stevenson’s Reflections and Remarks on Human Life:
"Our business in this world is not to succeed, but to continue to fail, in good spirits."
In this case note that the words are not repeated. This is simply a case of stating
the opposite sentiment in a positive way.
 What is diacope?
Diacope is when a statement is repeated with a new
word (or two words) in between. The most famous
example is from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, who says “To be
or not to be?” Here, the words “to be” are repeated, with
“or not” inserted between them.
Here’s another diacope example: “What a terrible day.
What a terrible, horrible day.” Repeating the sentiment of
“What a terrible day” draws attention to the words, but
by adding “horrible” the second time we are forced to
really focus on the words and what they are telling us.
 What is gradatio?
Gradatio is when the ending of one sentence and the
beginning of the next sentence use the same word or
phrase. Gradatio is most often used in poetry, as it has a
lyrical feel to it.
Below is a gradation example from William
Shakespeare’s As You Like It:
“Your brother and my sister no sooner met but they
looked; no sooner looked but they loved; no sooner loved
but they sighed; no sooner sighed but they asked one
another the reason; no sooner knew the reason but they
sought the remedy.”
 epanalepsis
a repetition of a word or a phrase with
intervening words setting off the repetition,
sometimes occurring with a phrase used
both at the beginning and end of a
sentence, as in Only a fool would trust a
stranger with his money; only a fool.
Example: "Nothing is worse than doing nothing."
 epimone
 is "the repetition of a verse in poetry or
of an opinion in an oration," as well as
"poetry." This can be seen in James Joyce's
Ulysses: Simon Dedalus claims that all of
his brains are in the nape of his neck. He
had welts of flesh behind him.
Epiphora-repetition of the ends of
two or more successive
sentences, verses, etc.
Example: One of the most famous examples of
epiphora is from Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg
Address, November 19, 1863: … that this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and
that government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.
 Anadiplosis-repetition in the first part of a
clause or sentence of a prominent word from
the latter part of the preceding clause or
sentence
Examples: "She opened a café, a café
that ruined her financially." "While
driving, whenever you see a big red
hexagon, the big red hexagon means
you should stop the car."
Performance
Activity
 Identify the research terms described in each item.

______________ 1. The people who are being studied in a research

______________ 2. Accuracy, the extent to which a test or study measures what it is supposed to
measure
______________ 3. Everybody has the same chance of being assigned to any group
______________ 4. A measure of spread; the average deviation of a group of scores from the
mean
______________ 5. Mathematical tools based on the normal curve used to analyze data
______________ 6. An important finding that did not likely happen by chance
______________ 7. The method for finding out what the researcher wants to know, experiment, or
correlate
______________ 8. A quality of interest that can be manipulated, observed or studied
______________ 9. A smaller group that represents population of interest
______________10. Uses data that has numerical representation or values
 Identify the research terms described in each item.

Subject
______________ 1. The people who are being studied in a research
Validity
______________ 2. Accuracy, the extent to which a test or study measures what it is supposed to
measure
Random sample 3. Everybody has the same chance of being assigned to any group
______________
Standard deviation 4. A measure of spread; the average deviation of a group of scores from the
______________
mean
Statistics
______________ 5. Mathematical tools based on the normal curve used to analyze data
Statistical significance
______________ 6. An important finding that did not likely happen by chance
Research design 7. The method for finding out what the researcher wants to know, experiment, or
______________
correlate
Variable
______________ 8. A quality of interest that can be manipulated, observed or studied
Sample
______________ 9. A smaller group that represents population of interest
______________10. Uses data that has numerical representation or values
Quantitative study/research
Congratulations!
You finished the lesson!
 10
Quarter 4
Learning Packet 1

The Woman
Research Technical Terms
Thank You!