Heat

 isthe transfer of energy from the

particles of one object due to a
temperature difference between the two
objects.
Heat Energy
 Also called Thermal energy, it makes

particles move more as it is added

 Measured in Joules or calories.

 Temperature
Temperature
 is a measure of how hot or cold
an object is compared to another
object
 indicates that heat flows from the
object with a higher temperature
to the object with a lower
temperature
 is measured using a thermometer

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 Fahrenheit Formula
 On the Fahrenheit scale, there are 180 °F between
the freezing and boiling points, and on the Celsius
scale, there are 100 °C.
180 °F = 9 °F = 1.8 °F
100 °C 5 °C 1 °C
 In the formula for the Fahrenheit temperature,
adding 32 adjusts the zero point of water from 0 °C
to 32 °F.
TF = 9 (TC ) + 32 °
5
or TF = 1.8(TC ) + 32 °

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 Celsius Formula
 TC is obtained by rearranging the equation for TF.
TF = 1.8(TC) + 32 °
 Subtract 32 from both sides.
TF – 32 ° = 1.8(TC) + (32 ° – 32 °)
TF – 32 ° = 1.8(TC)
 Divide by 1.8. TF – 32 ° = 1.8 TC
1.8 1.8

TF – 32 ° = TC
1.8

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 Solving a Temperature Problem
A person with hypothermia has a
body temperature of 34.8 °C. What
Is that temperature in °F?

TF = 1.8(TC) + 32 °

TF = (1.8)(34.8 °C) + 32 °
exact tenth’s exact

= 62.6 ° + 32 °
= 94.6 °F
tenth’s
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 Sample problem:
The normal temperature of a chickadee is
105.8 °F. What is that temperature on the
Celsius scale?
1) 73.8 °C
2) 58.8 °C
3) 41.0 °C

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 Solution
The normal temperature of a chickadee is 105.8 °F.
What is that temperature on the Celsius scale?
3) 41.0 °C
TC = TF – 32 °
1.8
= (105.8 – 32 °)
1.8
= 73.8 °F = 41.0 °C
1.8 ° tenth’s place

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 Sample Problem:
A pepperoni pizza is baked at 455 °F. What
temperature is needed on the Celsius scale?
1) 423 °C
2) 235 °C
3) 221 °C

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Solution
A pepperoni pizza is baked at 455 °F. What
temperature is needed on the Celsius scale?
2) 235 °C
TF – 32 ° = TC
1.8

(455 – 32 °) = 235 °C
1.8 one’s place

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Sample Problem:
On a cold winter day, the temperature is –15 °C.
What is that temperature in °F?
1) 19 °F
2) 59 °F
3) 5 °F

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 Solution
3) 5 °F
TF = 1.8TC + 32 °

TF = 1.8(–15 °C) + 32 °
= – 27 + 32 °
= 5 °F
one’s place
Note: Be sure to use the change sign key on
your calculator to enter the minus (–) sign.
1.8 x 15 +/ – = –27

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 Kelvin Temperature Scale
The Kelvin temperature
 is obtained by adding 273 to the Celsius temperature
TK = TC + 273

In the Kelvin temperature scale:

 There are 100 units between the freezing and boiling
points of water.
100 K = 100 °C or 1 K = 1 °C
 0 K (absolute zero) is the lowest possible
temperature.
0 K = –273 °C
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Temperatures

16
 Sample Problem:
What is normal body temperature of 37 °C in
kelvins?
1) 236 K
2) 310 K
3) 342 K

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Solution
What is normal body temperature of 37 °C in
kelvins?
2) 310 K

TK = TC + 273
= 37 °C + 273
= 310. K
one’s place

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Rankine Scale
In the English system, the absolute
temperature is in degrees Rankine (R), not in
Fahrenheit
Formula:
TR = TF + 459.67
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity
The quantity of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1
gram of a substance by one
degree Celsius (or Kelvin)

The unit is J/g(oC)

Some Specific Heat Capacities

Substance Specific heat

capacity
in J/g(oC)

Water 4.18
Copper 0.385
Iron 0.449
 Approximate values in J / kg K of the
Specific Heat Capacities of some
substances are:
Air 1000 Lead 125
Aluminum 900 Mercury 14
Asbestos 840 Nylon 1700
Brass 400 Paraffin 2100
Brick 750 Platinum 135
Concrete 3300 Polythene 2200
Cork 2000 Polystyrene 1300
Glass 600 Rubber 1600
Gold 130 Silver 235
Ice 2100 Steel 450
Iron 500 Water 4200
Equation:

q = mC T
 q = heat transferred (in
joules)
 m = mass (in grams)
 C = specific heat capacity
 T = change in temperature
T = Tfinal - Tinitial
 Sample problem

What is the specific heat of

silver if the temperature of
a 15.4 g sample of silver is
increased from 20.0 C to
o

31.2 C when 40.5 J of heat

o

is added?
Given: q = mC∆T
m = 15.4 g 40.5=15.4(C)(31.2-
Ti = 20.0 C
o 20.0)
40.5=15.4(C)(11.2)
Tf = 31.2 C
o
40.5=172.48(C)
q = 40.5 J C = 0.235 J/g(oC)
 Sample Problem:
What is the final temp of
silver if the temperature
of a 5.8 g sample of silver
starts out at 30.0 C and
o

40.5 J of heat is added?

The specific heat of silver
is .235 J/g(oC).
Given:
m = 5.8 g q = mC∆T
Ti = 40.5=5.8(0.235)(Tf -
30.0)
30.0 C
o
40.5=1.363(Tf-30.0)
q = 40.5 J
C = 0.235 40.5=1.363Tf – 40.89

Tf = ??? 81.39=1.363Tf
Tf = 59.7139
Heat of Fusion &
Heat of Vaporization
 Specific heat works great for the part of the
heating and cooling process where
temperature is changing but what do we do
to calculate Q when we are in the process of a
phase change?
Heat of Vaporization
 The amount of energy needed to
vaporize (l  g) a specific amount
of a liquid at constant
temperature
 Unit is usually J/g

Q = m(Hv)
Sample Problem
 A 115 g sample of liquid is boiled over a 10-
minute period. As the liquid boils, the
temperature remains constant with 2.27 x
105 J of heat is absorbed. At the end of the
10-minute period, all of the liquid has been
boiled away. What was the heat of
vaporization of the liquid?
Given
Q = 2.27 x 105 J
m = 115 g

Q = m(Hv)
2.27 x 105 = 115(Hv)
Hv = 1973.91 J/g = 1974 J/g
Heat of Fusion
 The amount of heat needed
to change a specific amount
of a solid to a liquid at
constant temperature.
 Unit is usually J/g

Q = m(Hf)
Example Problem
The heat of fusion of ice at
0oC is 3.4 x 102 J/g. How
much heat is needed to
change 75g of ice at 0oC to
liquid water at the same
temperature?
Given
Hf = 3.4 x 102 J/g
m = 75 g

Q = m(Hf)
Q = 75(3.4 x 102)
Q = 2.55 x 104 J = 2.6 x 104 J
QTotal
 When using multiple equations to solve for
the energy change of a system, QT is used.
QT = Q1 + Q2 + etc.
HEAT TRANSFER
 Thermal energy transfer is
heat moving from a warmer
object to a cooler object.
How is Heat Transferred?
There are THREE ways heat can
move.

– Conduction

– Convection

– Radiation
 CONDUCTION
 Heat is transferred from one
particle of matter to another in
an object.
 Conduction = CONTACT
CONVECTION
 Convection is the movement that
transfers heat within fluids
◦ Fluids = anything that flows
 Heat is transferred by currents within
the fluid or gas
Examples of Convection:
 Have you ever noticed that
the air on the second floor of
your house is warmer than
the first floor? Or that water
in a pool is cooler at the
deep end?
Examples of Convection
Convection currents
cause the cooler
breezes you
experience by a
large body of water.

These currents also

cause the
movement of
magma within the
earth.
RADIATION
 Radiation is the transfer of energy by
waves
◦ What type of waves?
 ELECTROMAGNETIC
 Radiation does NOT require matter to
transfer thermal energy
Examples of RADIATION

1. Fire
2. Heat Lamps
3. Sun