Finite Element analysis of Bio-heat

transfer Problems with Different

heating Condition on Skin Surface
Abul Mukid Mohammad Mukaddes
Mridul Sannyal
 Overview

• Introduction.
• Problem Statement
• Mathematical Formulation.
• Numerical Analysis & result.
 Purpose of Study

• Prevent excess cell death.

• Selecting proper treatment procedure for
destroying tumour cells.
• Medical Technology design i.e, cryo-probe,
microwave probe.
• Thermal comfort analysis.
 Introduction

CRYOSURGARY
(<500c for 10min)

Low Temperature Hyperthermia:

(40-410C for 6-72hrs)
Result: Cell repair.
(Increase blood flow and Metabolism)

Moderate Temperature Hyperthermia:

(42-450C for 15-60min) High Temperature Hyperthermia:
Result: Cell Death. ( >500C for 6-10min )
 Human Tissue Model

3-D Model

1-D Model (x-direction) has been analyzed and Numerical Results are
shown.
 Problem Statement

Pennes Bioheat Equation (1948)

External
Heating
T
c     K T   b  b Cb (Ta  T )  Qm  Qr
t
Internal heat
Blood generation
perfusion (Metabolism)

ρ = Density of tissue
C= Specific Heat of tissue
ρb = Density of blood
Cb = Specific of blood
 Problem
30mm

Skin Surface (L=0) Body Core (L=30mm)

1. Convection. 1. Temperature
2. Heat Flux.

Domain Discretization and Node Numbering:

E1 E2 E19 E20

N1 N2 N3 N19 N20 N21

 Finite Element Discretization
Governing Equation
,
𝐶 𝑏 =𝑤𝑏 𝜌 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 , 𝑞=𝐶 𝑏 𝑇 𝑎+𝑄 𝑚+𝑄 𝑟 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 )
Weak Form

[ 𝑊 𝜌𝑐
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡
+𝑘
𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
+𝐶𝑊𝑇 −𝑊𝑞 𝑑𝑥+ ( 𝑊𝑄 ) 𝑥 + ( 𝑊𝑄 )𝑥 =0 𝑎 𝑏

Linear approximation

Matrix form Equation

[ 𝐶 ] { 𝑇˙ } + [ 𝐾 ] {𝑇 }= {𝑞 }+ {𝑄 }
Time Discretization
𝑇 𝑛+1 −𝑇 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛
𝐶 +𝛼 𝐾 𝑇 + ( 1− 𝛼 ) 𝐾 𝑇 =𝑞 +𝑄
∆𝑡
 The typical tissue properties
Thermal properties Symbols Values Units

Thermal conductivity of the tissue K 0.5 W/m0C

Heat convection coefficient between skin & h0 10 W/m2 °C

surrounding
Force convection co efficient hf 100 W/m2 °C

Surrounding fluid temperature Tf 25 °C

The arterial temperature Ta 37 °C

Body core temperature Tc 37 °C

Metabolic heat generation Qm 33800 W/m3.

Specific heat of tissue C 4200 J/kg°C

Specific heat of blood cb 4200 J/kg°C

Density of tissue Ρ 1000 kg/m3

Density of blood ρb 1000 kg/m3

The blood perfusion Wb .0005 ml/s/ml

 Code Verification
Comparison with analytical Solution

Boundary Conditions:
Skin Surface:
Convection
h=10 W/m2
Tf = 250C

Body Core:
Temperature (370C)

Ref: Deng, Zhong-Shan, and Jing Liu. "Analytical study on bioheat transfer problems with spatial or transient heating on
skin surface or inside biological bodies."Journal of biomechanical engineering 124.6 (2002): 638-649.
 Investigation 1: Surface adiabatic
condition and spatial heating
In case of heating human tissue with laser of microwave the Q r is expressed as.
Qr=ηPo(t)exp(-ηx)
Where
Po(t) = Is the heating power.
η = Heating frequency.
In some cases heating power works sinusoidally thus:
Po(t) = 250+200cos(0.02t)

Boundary Conditions:
Skin Surface:
Convection
h=10 W/m2
Tf = 250C
 spatial heating

(a) (b)

Fig. Temperature distribution at different times subjected to spatial heating;

(a)Po(t)=250 W/m2 ; (b)Po(t)=250+200cos(0.02t) W/m2)
 Effect of Scattering Coefficient

(a) (b)
Fig. Effect of scattering coefficient on tissue temperature response (f 1(t)=0); (a)Po(t)=250 W/m2 ;

(b) Po(t)=250+200cos(0.02t) W/m2

 Investigation 2: Surface Heating
Application:
• Heating with hot plate.
• Thermal Burn Analysis.
• Thermal Comfort analysis.

Constant heating:
f(t) = Constant.

Step Heating:

f1(t).

Skin Surface Boundary Conditions:

Convection
h=10 W/m2
Tf = 250C
 Surface Heating

(a) (b)

Fig. Effect of surface heat flux to the tissue temperature along with (a) time (at different
heat flux) (b) Distance (at different time)
 Step Heating

(a) (b) (c)

(a) No external Heating.

(b) Constant Spatial heating (p(t)=250W/m2).
(c) Sinusoidal Spatial Heating
p(t)=250+200cos(0202*t)
(d) blood Perfusion 0.004

(d)
 Investigation 3: Effect of heating frequency
and blood Perfusion

Fig: Effect of blood perfusion and heating frequency

Effect of Irregular Heating Frequency
Irregular Frequency Fig A:
f1(t)=400+200cos(0.02t)
P0(t)=500+400cos(0.01t)

Fig B:
f1(t)=400+200cos(0.02t)
P0(t)=0;

Fig C:
f1(t)=0
P0(t)=500+400cos(0.01t)
 Investigation 4: Effect of Surface Cooling

Skin surface Boundary Convection

Condition:

Convection Coefficient: 100W/m2

 Lowers the surface temperature even below the core temperature.

 Investigation 5: Point Heating
• Heating deep tumour.
• Having low impact on the nearby cells.
• Raise tissue temperature more than 50 0C.

The expression is as:

Qr(x,t)=P1(t)δ(x-x0)
Where
P1(t) = Heating Power.
δ = Dirac delta function.
xo = Distance of the target tissue from skin surface

Skin Surface Boundary Conditions:

Convection
h=100 W/m2
Tf = 250C
 Point Heating
(a) (b)

(c) Fig: Point heating at;

(a) Different Cooling Temperature
(b) Time
(c) Heating power
 Investigation 6: Stochastic heating

Environmental Temperature External Heating

We assume that We assume that

Te=Tf+λt(0.05-σi) Qr=λq(0.05-σi)

Where, Where,
σi =random number between 0 and 1
ε(t) = Stochastic variance in Te
λq = Constant Qm/10.
σi =random number between 0
and 1
λt = Constant (0.5)
Tf = The equilibrium value of
fluid Temperature
Stochastic Environmental Temperature
Stochastic External Heating
 Summary

 Different heating condition on skin surface is

discussed.
 Point heating and stochastic heating is discussed.
 Effect of blood perfusion and heating frequency is
analysed.
 Appropriate heating condition and heating power for
thermal therapy can be determined from this study.