Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared by Dr.A.Vinoth Jebaraj
Prepared by Dr.A.Vinoth Jebaraj
Vinoth Jebaraj
Force Action of one body on the other (push or
pull)
Point of
Application
Direction
Magnitud
e
What is the need of knowing
MECHANICS?
kinematics
Statics Dynamics
kinetics
Rigid body mechanics
Truss IC
Bridge Engine
Rigid body mechanics
Actual structures and machines are never rigid under the action of
external loads or forces.
But the deformations induced are usually very small which does not
affect the condition of equilibrium.
Particle Mechanics
Collinear forces
Concurrent non-coplanar
Non Concurrent coplanar
(Parallel)
Components of a Force
Plane Force
Space Force
Couple Two equal and opposite forces are acting at
some distance forming a couple
How Rotational Effect
will change with
distance?
Free body diagram
Isolated body from the structure of machinery which shows all the forces and
reaction forces acting on it.
Examples for free body diagram
Parallelogram law:
Triangle law states that if three concurrent coplanar forces are acting at a
point be represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a triangle,
then they are in static equilibrium.
Lami’s Theorem states that if three concurrent coplanar
forces are acting at a point, then each force is directly
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two
forces.
Lami’s theorem considering only
the equilibrium of three forces
acting on a point not the stress
acting through a ropes or strings
F1
D
F4
F5 E
A B
Equivalent Couples
Supports and Reactions
Friction
Friction is a force [Tangential force]
that resists the movement of sliding
action of one surface over the other.
Limiting static frictional force: when this value is reached then the body will be in
unstable equilibrium since any further increase in P will cause the body to move.
When a body is at rest, the angle that the resultant force makes with normal reaction is
known as angle of static friction.
Analysis of
Trusses
Trusses Stationary, fully constrained structures in
which members are acted upon by two equal and
opposite forces directed along the member.
Roof Bridge
support
Axially Loaded
Members
Space
Trusses
Internal and External
Redundancy
External Redundancy More additional supports
Internal Redundancy
If m + 3 = 2j, then the truss is statically determinate structure
If m + 3 < 2j, then the truss is unstable structure (will collapse under
external load)
[deficiency of internal members]
For statically determinate trusses, ‘2j’ equations for a truss with ‘j ‘ joints is equal to
m+3 (‘m’ two force members and having the maximum of three unknown support
reactions)
Method of
Joints
Special
Conditions
Zero Force
Members
They do not carry any loads under the loading conditions shown,
but the same members would probably carry loads if the loading
conditions were changed.
These members are needed to support the weight of the truss and
to maintain the truss in the desired shape.
Method of
sections
Kinetics of
Particles
Work Energy Method Work of a force & Kinetic energy of particle.
In this method, there is no determination of acceleration.
When a particle moves from A1 to A2 under the action of a force F, the work of the force F
is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the particle. This is known as the principle of
work and energy.
Dynamic Equilibrium
Equation
ΣF - ma = 0
The vector -ma, of magnitude ‘ma’ and of direction opposite to that of the acceleration, is
called an inertia vector.
The particle may thus be considered to be in equilibrium under the given forces and the
inertia vector or inertia force.
When tangential and normal components are used, it is more convenient to represent
the inertia vector by its two components -mat and –man.
Principle of Impulse and
Momentum
Definition: A force acting on a particle during a very short time interval that is large
enough to produce a definite change in momentum is called an impulsive force and the
resulting motion is called an impulsive motion.
Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by a force F. Newton’s second law can be
expressed in the form
The integral in Equation is a vector known as the linear impulse, or simply the
impulse, of the force F during the interval of time considered.
When two particles which are moving freely collide with one another, then the total
momentum of the particles is conserved.
KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES Investigate the relations existing between
the time, the positions, the velocities, and the accelerations of the various
particles forming a rigid body.
Various types of rigid-body motion
The particles located on the axis have zero velocity and zero acceleration
General Motion Any motion of a rigid body which does not fall in any of the
categories above is referred to as a general motion.
Example:
Translation (either rectilinear or curvilinear
translation)
Since A and B, belong to the same rigid body, the derivative of rB/A is
zero
When a rigid body is in translation, all the points of the body have the same velocity
and the same acceleration at any given instant.
In the case of curvilinear translation, the velocity and acceleration change in direction
as well as in magnitude at every instant.
Rotation about a fixed
axis
Consider a rigid body which rotates about a fixed axis AA’
‘P’ be a point of the body and ‘r’ its position vector with
respect to a fixed frame of reference.
Any plane motion of a slab can be replaced by a translation defined by the motion of an
arbitrary reference point A and a simultaneous rotation about A.
The angular velocity ω of a rigid body in plane motion is independent of the reference
point.
Absolute and relative acceleration in plane
motion
Instantaneous Centre
For any body undergoing planar motion, there always exists a point in the plane of
motion at which the velocity is instantaneously zero. This point is called the
instantaneous center of rotation, or C. It may or may not lie on the body!
As far as the velocities are concerned, the slab seems to rotate about the instantaneous
center C.
If vA and vB were parallel and having same magnitude the instantaneous center C would be
at an infinite distance and ω would be zero; All points of the slab would have the same
velocity.
Concept of instantaneous center of
rotation
At the instant considered, the velocities of all the particles of the rod are thus the same as
if the rod rotated about C.
Reference
Books: