LAND POLLUTION &

NOISE POLLUTION

PRESENTED BY
NISHANT KASHYAP
 CONTENT :

• Land pollution
 Lithosphere
 Pollutants ( agriculture, industrial, urban waste , hazardous waste
 Origin &effect of land pollution
 Collection of solid waste
 Solid waste management
 Recycling &reuse of solid wasteand their disposal technique(open
dumping sanitary land filling , thermal, composting)

• Noise pollution :-
 Sources, effect standars and control
POLLUTI
ON
• Act of mixing of unwanted elements in the natural resources.
• Anything that makes the land, air, water dirty and unsafe for our
use.

• Mainly four types :

o AIR
o WATER
o LAND and SOIL (Lithosphere )
o NOISE
LAND POLLUTION
• Land Pollution means degradation or destruction of the
Earth’s surface and soil, directly or indirectly as a result of
human activities.
• Some examples of land pollution include overcrowded
landfills, garbage dumps, use of chemicals, deforestation,
mining activities, construction or demolition waste, nuclear
waste, and urbanization.

LITHOSPHERE
• The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth. The
lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the
mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth's
structure.
• Lithosphere pollution or soil pollution refers to the
deterioration of the earth's land surfaces, at and
below ground level.
 Causes of Land Pollution /POLLUTANTS
• Agricultural activities
With the growing human population, demand for food has increased considerably. Farmers often use highly toxic
fertilizers and pesticides to get rid of insects, fungi and bacteria from their crops. However with the overuse of these
chemicals, they result in contamination and poisoning of soil.
Agricultural pollution occurs when contamination created as a by-product of raising livestock and growing food crops is
released into the environment, and the contamination is vast. Major contributors to agricultural-related land pollution
include run-off from pesticides, herbicides, fertilizer and animal waste.
• Industrialization
Due to an increase in demand for food, shelter and house more goods are produced. This resulted
in creation of more wastes that needs to be disposed off. To meet the demand of the growing
population, more industries were developed which led to deforestation. Research and development
paved the way for modern fertilizers and chemicals that were highly toxic and led to soil
contamination
• Urban waste
Large quantities of people living close together, producing trash, and littering
in a dense area does inevitably lead to land pollution. To accommodate our
increasing population, construction activities also occur, which result in large
waste materials, such as metal, plastic, wood and bricks. 

• Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or
capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment

• Deforestation and soil erosion

Deforestation carried out to create dry lands is one of the major concerns.
Land that is once
converted into dry or barren land, can never be made fertile again, whatever
the magnitude of
measures to redeem it is.
 ORIGIN AND EFFECT OF LAND
POLLUTION
Origin :
• Caused by trash and toxic wastes humans leave on the land
•  Lack of recycling which leads to filling up landfills
• Chemical plants and coal-fired plants cause land pollution
•  Another cause is acid rain and trash that washes ashore from boats and
sewage outlets.
EFFECT

• Contamination of drinking water

• Polluted soil, which leads to a loss of fertile land for agriculture and a reduction in the availability of food
• Climate change, which causes an onslaught of disastrous problems, including flash floods and irregular rainfalls
• The endangerment and extinction of species in wildlife
• Habitat destruction, where animal and plants wiped out in certain areas
• Habitat shifting, where animals are are forced to flee where they live in order to survive
• An increase in wildfires due to polluted areas often becoming very dry
• Increased air pollution, which burning waste contributes to
• Increased soil pollutants can enter the body through the food chain, and cause health issues
• Increased human health issues, including cancer, respiratory illnesses, and congenital disabilities, caused by
exposure to harmful chemicals
How do we stop land pollution?
Using the 3 R’s:
• Reduce, Re-use, and Recycle.
1. Make people aware of reduce, reuse and recycle.
2. Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural activities.
3. Avoid buying packages items as they will lead to garbage and end up in the
landfill site.
4. Ensure that you do not litter on the ground and do proper disposal of
garbage.
5. Buy biodegradable products.
6. Do organic gardening and eat organic food that will be grown without the
use of pesticides.
7. Create dumping ground away from residential areas.
SOLID WASTE MANAGMENT
• The term solid waste management mainly refers to the complete process of collecting, treating
and disposing of solid wastes.

WHAT IS SOLID WASTE ?

• Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from human activities in
residential, industrial or commercial areas. It may be categorised in three ways. According to its:

• origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional)

• contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc)
• hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc).
 Sources of Solid Wastes
• Solid domestic garbage.
• Solid waste material from various industries.
• Solid agricultural waste.
• Plastics, glass, metals, e-waste, etc.
• Medical waste.
• Construction waste, sewage sludge
RECYCLE AND REUSE OF SW
• Recycling is when waste is converted into something useful.
• It reduces the amount of waste that needs to be treated,
the cost of its handling, its disposal to landfills and
environmental impacts.
• It also reduces the amount of energy required to produce
new products and thus helps conserve natural resources.
• Upcycling and downcycling are two common words used
when it comes to recycling.
• Upcycling implies upgrading of a commodity by different
processes of recycling. An example of upcycling is to make
roads out of cheap plastic.
• Downcycling implies downgrading a commodity by
different processes of recycling. An example of downcycling
is breaking down of high quality plastics at high
temperature into different lower quality plastics.
DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES OF SWM
• Open dumping
An open dumping site is one where solid waste is disposed of in a way that does not safeguard the
environment, is subject to open burning, and is exposed to the elements, vectors, and scavengers.
Although some open dumps are cleared soon after they are made, most will remain for an indefinite
period of time if the location is positioned in the wilderness or in a public space with insufficient
public services.
The discharge of toxic pollutants and heavy metals into the air and water, the increased presence of
disease vectors such as rodents and insects, and physical risks such as hypodermic needles, noxious
fumes, and/or piercing objects are all potential hazards of open dumping.
The open dumps are also used in the energy-generating sector
Carbon dioxide and methane are created when waste accumulates and begins to decompose. These
gases can be extracted, purified, and used to generate energy.
An officially designated municipal solid waste landfill or sanitary waste landfill is not an open dump.
• Sanitary land filling
In this process, the waste that cannot be reused or recycled are separated out and spread as a thin layer in low-lying areas across a
city. A layer of Soil is added after each layer of garbage. However, once this process is complete, the area is declared unfit for
construction of buildings for the next 20 years. Instead, it can only be used as a playground or a park
Sanitary landfills work by layering waste and soil in a large hole in the ground that is lined with plastic and clay. The waste is allowed
to decompose and the linings help prevent contamination. When landfills are full, they are often capped and transformed into parks
or natural areas
• Thermal
Incineration is the combustion of waste in the presence of oxygen, so that the waste is converted into carbon dioxide, water vapour
and ash. Also labeled Waste to Energy (WtE) method, it is a means of recovering energy from the waste. It's advantages include
waste volume reduction, cutback on transportation costs and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, when garbage is
burned, pollutants, such as mercury, lead, dioxins may be released into the atmosphere, and cause health issues.
• Composting
All organic materials decompose with time. Food scraps, yard waste, etc., make up for one of the major organic wastes we throw
every day. The process of composting starts with these organic wastes being buried under layers of soil and then, are left to decay
under the action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.

• This results in the formation of nutrient-rich manure. Also, this process ensures that the nutrients are replenished in the soil.
Besides enriching the soil, composting also increases the water retention capacity. In agriculture, it is the best alternative to
chemical fertilizers.
NOISE
POLLUTION
NOISE

• The word Noise is derived from Latin word ‘NOXIA’’ meaning ‘injury or hurt’.
• Noise is normally defined as 'unwanted sound’.

• NOISE POLLUTION
• Noise pollution is any change to the physical properties of the environment
caused by the conjugation sounds, either desirable or not (the latter are
called noise), that are directly or indirectly harmful to the health, safety, and
well-being of living beings, especially human populations.
STANDARDS :
• Not all sound is considered noise pollution. The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise pollution.
• To be precise, noise becomes harmful when it exceeds 75 decibels (dB) and is
painful above 120 dB.

Decibel (dB), unit for expressing the ratio between two physical
quantities, usually amounts of acoustic or electric power, or for
measuring the relative loudness of sounds
SOURCE :
• There are many sources of noise pollution, but here are some of the main ones:
• Traffic noise :
• Traffic noise accounts for most polluting noise in cities. For example, a car horn
produces 90 dB and a bus produces 100 dB.
• Construction sites
• Building and car park construction and road and pavement resurfacing works are
very noisy. For example, a pneumatic drill produces 110 dB
• Air traffic noise/
• There are fewer aircraft flying over cities than there are cars on the roads, but the
impact is greater: a single aircraft produces 130 dB.
EFFECTS :
• Physical :
• Respiratory agitation, racing pulse, high blood pressure, headaches and, in case of extremely loud,
constant noise, gastritis, colitis and even heart attacks.
• Hypertension: It is a direct result of noise pollution which is caused due to elevated blood levels for a
longer duration.
• Hearing loss: Constant exposure of human ears to loud noise that are beyond the range of sound that
human ears can withstand damages the eardrums, resulting in loss of hearing.
• Cardiovascular issues: Heart-related problems such as blood pressure level, stress and cardiovascular
diseases might come up in a normal person and a person suffering from any of these diseases might
feel a sudden shoot up in the level.
• Psychological:
• Noise can cause attacks of stress, fatigue, depression, anxiety and hysteria in both humans and animals.

• Sleep and behavioural disorders

• Noise above 45 dB stops you from falling asleep or sleeping properly. Remember that according to the
World Health Organization it should be no more than 30 dB. Loud noise can have latent effects on our
behaviour, causing aggressive behaviour and irritability.

• Memory and concentration

• Noise may affect people's ability to focus, which can lead to low performance over time. It is also bad for the
memory, making it hard to study.
 CONTROL :
• Legal Control
• Right to Life
• Law of Torts Noise pollution is considered as civil wrong.
• factories Act Reduction of Noise and Oil of Machinery.
• Motor Vehicle Act
• Awareness of noise pollution is essential to beat this invisible enemy.
• A 20 foot wide plantation inside the compound protects the
house/HOSPITAL from the noise of vehicular traffic.
• Honking in public places like teaching institutes, hospitals, etc. should be
banned.
• Dense tree cover is useful in noise pollution prevention
ANY QUESTIONS ???

THANK YOU