MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

MODULE NAME: MANUF ENG I

MODULE CODE: ME 8104
COURSE CREDITS: 08
TOTAL HOURS SPENT: 80
TEACHER’S NAME: KASSIM S. FAKHI
CLASS: BACH IN MECH ENG
LEVEL: FIRST YEAR - 2021/2022
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
MACHINE TOOLS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MACHINE TOOLS
MACHINE TOOLS:
Machine tool is the power driven device
in which energy is utilized in deformation
of material for shaping, sizing or
processing a product to a desired shape
and dimension by removing excess
material in the form of chips.
NB:
The machine tools are generally used
for two purposes, these are:
(i)To produce certain form or shape.
(ii)To produce finished surfaces.
SHAPE
The form of surface/shape produced
depends upon the shape of cutting tool
and relative path of motion between the
cutter and work-piece.
The relative motion also known as
working motion which is between cutter
and work-piece. It can be obtained either
by the motion of work-piece or cutting
tool or a combination of both.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS

ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF WORKING DEPEDING ON THE TYPE OF

MOTION SURFACE GENERATED
The working motion or cutting motion are of two Depending on the type of surface
types generated the machine tools can be
classified as follow:
(i)Primary cutting motion(Drive motion)
(i)Machine tools for cylindrical work
(ii)Secondary cutting motion(Feed motion)
(ii)Machine tools for flat surface work
NB:
Working motion are powered by external source of
energy and in addition to working motion,
auxiliary operations such as clamping/unclamping
of work-piece, tool holder, Idle travel, changing
speed, engaging/disengaging of working motions
etc are also provided on machine tools.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS

MACHINE TOOLS FOR CYLINDRICAL WORK

In this case work piece is rotated about an axis or
alternatively the work may be at rest and the tool is
rotated as well as traversed, various machines used
for this type of work are lathe, turret and capstan
lathe, boring machine, cylindrical grinder and
surface grinder as shown in the figures.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS

MACHINE TOOLS FOR FLAT SURFACE WORK

For generating straight-cut plane surfaces, the work-
piece is moved past the cutting tool in a straight path and
the tool is traversed in perpendicular direction or
alternatively the tool is moved in a straight path and
work is traversed in perpendicular direction.
In both these cases the tool or the work is traversed in
perpendicular direction only after one cut has been
completed.
The machines doing this type of operations are planning,
shaping, slotting, and broaching as shown on figure.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS

MACHINE TOOLS FOR FLAT SURFACE WORK

The flat surfaces could be also be produced by
having rotary motion of multi-cutting edged tool and
translatory motion of job. The machine that are
employing such motions are milling, surface grinding
machines as shown on figure below.
CUTTING OPERATIONS

DRILLING OPERATIONS FOR DRILLING MACHINES

Holes are produced in work-piece by drilling 1. Drive Motion

operations. This is the rotary motion of Drill.
2. Feed Motion
This is the translatory Motion of Drill.
FOR LATHE AND BORING MACHINE
1. Drive Motion
This is the rotary motion of work-piece.
2. Feed Motion
This is the translatory Motion of cutting tool in the
axial or radial direction.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MACHINE TOOLS
FOR MILLING MACHINE FOR GRINDING MACHINE
1. Drive Motion 1. Drive Motion
This is the rotary motion of cutter. This is the rotary motion of grinding wheel.
2. Feed Motion 2. Feed Motion
This is the translatory Motion of the work-piece. This is the Rotary a well as Translatory
FOR SHAPPING, PLANNING AND SLLOTING Motion of the work-piece.
1. Drive Motion
This is the reciprocating motion of cutting tool.
2. Feed Motion
This is the Intermittent translatory Motion of the work-
piece.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
Machine Tools can alternatively be classified
as follow:
(i)Basic Machine Tools(For general
purpose).
(ii)Production Machine Tools.
(iii)Single purpose Machine Tools (Special
purpose).
(iv)Flexible Manufacturing system.
BASIC MACHINE TOOLS
These are used for performing all metal cutting
operations with in their range. These include
lathes, shapers, drilling machines, milling
machines, grinding machines, planning
machines.
PRODUCTION MACHINE TOOLS
These are used to reduce the manufacturing cost
and to increase the rate of production. These are
generally multi-station tooling machines and
designed to do one type of job at a time.
These include Capstan turret lathes, semi
automatic lathes, production milling machine,
multiple head drilling machine etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS
SINGLE PURPOSE MACHINE TOOL
These are used for mass production and
generally one machine is capable of producing
only one type of Job.
These include gear generators, camshaft
grinders, piston turning lathes, thread rolling
machine etc.
The surface finish depends upon the lay and
feed of the tool or work. Various machines are
capable of producing different types of finish.
The following operations are used for increasing
order of good surface finish, these are:
(i)Cutting (ii) Sawing (iii) Hand grinding
(iv)Filling (v)Turning (vi)Shaping (vii)
Milling (viii)Boring (ix) Lapping (x)Surface
grinding (xi)Drilling (xii)Cylindrical grinding
(xiii)Polishing (xiv)Buffing
NB:
The most important requirement to be fulfilled
by any machine tool is that it should be able to
produce Jobs with in high degree of accuracy
and consistently over a long periods of time. In
this case it is essential that they posses static as
well as dynamic rigidity.
CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE TOOLS

Rigidity of machine tool is the capability of machine NB:

tool to resist deformation produced due to the
introduction of cutting forces generated while These mainly employ machining centers, very
machining. versatile machine and robots etc for material
handling.
FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM
These are latest machines which can be used to
machine any Jobs and these are designed to achieve
the following objectives.
(i)Less machining time per part: Reduced loading,
tool changing and other non-cutting time.
(ii)More flexibility
(iii) Greater capability with systems.
(iv)Reduced operator involvement, improved safety
and less noise.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MACHINE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
REPEATABILITY
Machine tools should be designed to produce the
same dimension with one setting, repeatedly.
This process is also known as process capability
of machine tool.
RELIABILITY
The mean time between failure(MTBF) should
be high. All non wearing parts should be
designed to be fail proof.
All parts subject to wear and tear should be
designed for easy replacement i.e. mean time to
repair should be least possible.
EASY MAINTANANCE
The parts requiring attention should be easily
accessible.
The oil and greasing nipples should be easily
visible and accessible. The parts needing
adjustment should also be easily approachable.
The complete machine tool should be easy to
service.
EASY OF OPERATION
The controls for operation of machine tool
should be located so as to cause least strain on
operation. The relative location should follow
the standard conventional procedures to avoid
possibility of mal-operations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MACHINE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
EASY OF OPERATION…….
Loading an un-loading of parts should be as
simple and fast as possible. Quick acting
clamping devices should be used to avoid strain
on operation. In the nutshell the operator should
not feel fatigue in operation of machine tool in
one full shift of operations.
ACCURACY
The machine should be able to produce in regard
to dimensional geometry and surface finish
without calling for much expertise of operator.
For this purpose the machine tool must have
adequate static stiffness and dynamic rigidity to
withstand the cutting forces and other dead loads.
COMPACTNESS
The overall sizes of machine tool should be least
possible. It depends on the sophistication of
design.
SAFETY
Safety is prime importance. No loose ends can
be tolerated in this regard. All possibilities of
accidents must be foreseen and suitable guards
provided.
Adequate interlocks should be incorporated so
that wrong operations will not be allowed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MACHINE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
PRODUCTION CAPACITY
The machine tool should be designed for
maximum metal removal rate and maximum
production time, and least setting up time. The
operator should exploit fully the capabilities of
machine tool to achieve optimum results.
STANDARDIZATION
As far as possible standard parts should be used
so that their replacement is easy. The design
should be simple, using minimum parts which
can be easily assembled
AESTHETIC APPEAL
Machine tool should possess aesthetic appeal i.e
it should not have any awkward or protruding
parts. The color should be soothing one. The lay
out o different parts in relation to one another
should be elegant. There should be no sharp
edges. The visible surfaces and covers should
give pleasing appearances.
The control and indications should be located at
convenient places and give nice appeal.
INITIAL COST AND OPERATION COST.
For same technical performance, the first cost
and the operation and maintenance cost cover its
life time should be least possible to find market.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MACHINE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

FEATURES OF ADVANCED MACHINES

All modern machine tools tend to have as much
automation as possible. These are robust in
construction and the rate of utilization is highest.
The design ensure for least friction, elimination
of backlash, complete avoidance of stick-slip
motion.
It incorporates tool magazine and automatic tool
changers to enable quick change of tool.