Writing in the discipline of

READING AND WRITING SKILLS

LESSON 3
BY: MARMY AGUAS
OBJECTIVES

● identify various writings in the sciences;

● examine features of typical writings in the
sciences; and
● write science-related texts.
Features of a Good Scientific Text

Objectivity
● focuses on facts and not influenced by personal views
or opinions
● uses the third-person point of view to maintain an
objective tone

Jargon
● “the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a
special activity or group”
● commonly used since readers are field experts
HYPHOTESIS

● an idea or a theory that is not yet proven

● supported by concrete evidence or experiments to test
its viability
● a scientific text aims to prove or disprove
 Characteristics of Hypothesis
1. A cause-effect relationship between variables. When writing a hypothesis,
make sure your one variable causes another one to change (or not change.)
There should always be a cause-effect relationship between them.
2. Testable nature. Formulate a hypothesis that you can test to support or refuse.
You should be able to conduct experiments and control your thesis when working
on it.
3. Precise and accurate variables. Your hypothesis’s independent and dependent
variables need to be specific and clear for the audience to understand.
4. Explained in simple language. Research papers and academic writing, in
general, are often challenging to understand for an average reader, so do your
best to write a hypothesis so there would be no confusion or ambiguity.
5. Ethical. We can test many things, but there’s always a question
about what we should test or make a subject to experiments. Avoid questionable
or taboo topics when thinking about your hypothesis outline.
Question Null Hypothesis Alternate Hypothesis

Cats show no food Cat show a food

Do cats care about the
preference based on preference based on
shape of their food?
shape. shape.

Teens and adults use Teens and adults used

mobile devices the mobile devices
Do teens use mobile same amount. different amounts.
devices more than
adults? Teens use mobile Teens use mobile
devices less than or devices more than
equal to adults. adults.

The color of light has

Does the color of light The color of light
no effect on plant
influence plant growth? affects plant growth.
growth.
Null Hypothesis: "There is no relationship between gender and mathematical ability."
This hypothesis states that there is no relationship between gender and mathematical ability.

Alternative Hypothesis: "There is a significant difference in IQ scores between individuals who consume a high
amount of caffeine and those who consume a low amount of caffeine."
This hypothesis is used to test whether there is a significant difference in IQ scores between the two groups.

Directional Hypothesis: "Increasing the amount of exercise will improve cardiovascular health."
This hypothesis predicts that increasing exercise will have a positive effect on cardiovascular health.

Non-Directional Hypothesis: "There is a relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep quality." This
hypothesis does not predict the direction of the relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep quality.

Correlational Hypothesis: "There is a positive correlation between exercise frequency and body mass index (BMI)."
This hypothesis predicts that there is a positive relationship between exercise frequency and BMI.

Causal Hypothesis: "Increased exposure to sunlight causes an increase in vitamin D levels."

This hypothesis predicts that increased exposure to sunlight causes an increase in vitamin D levels.

Comparative Hypothesis: "Students who study in a quiet environment will perform better on a test than students
who study in a noisy environment."
This hypothesis predicts that students who study in a quiet environment will perform better than those who study in
a noisy environment.
RESEARCH

● Research is a systematic investigation into a

subject in order to discover new information,
establish facts, or reach new conclusions.
Importance of Research

 It helps us expand our knowledge and understanding of a

subject.
 It provides a basis for decision-making in a variety of
fields, from medicine to business.
 It helps us identify and solve problems.
 It contributes to the advancement of society as a whole.
TWO TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

It helps understand human

It aims to compute numbers
behavior to find the way
and perform statistical
people think and analyze their
analysis.
experiences.

These research methods are

It helps generate numerical
ideal when there is no fixed
data and hard facts using
set of questions, and the
statistical, logical, and
discussion is useful to explore
mathematical techniques.
issues.

The time consumed for The time consumed for

planning is less as compared planning is more as compared
to the analysis phase. to the analysis phase.
STEPS IN RESEARCH

The research process involves several steps:

1. Define the research question
2. Conduct a literature review
3. Develop a research methodology
4. Collect data
5. Analyze data
6. Draw conclusions
7. Communicate findings
PARTS OF RESEARCH
1. TITLE
2. ABSTRACT
3. CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 SOPPE AND LIMITATIONS
4. CHAPTER 2 – RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
 REVIEW OF THE RELATED
5. CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
 DATA GATHERING / DATA
GENERATION
 DATA ANALYSIS
 RESEARCH TOOLS / INSTRUMENTS
6. CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 RESULTS ANALYSIS
 DISCUSSION OF DATA GATHERED

LITERATIRE 7. CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND

 REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDIES RECOMMENDATIONS
 THEOTRICAL FRAMEWORK  CONCLUSION
 DEFINITION OF TERMS  SUMMARY
 RECOMMENDATION

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY / APPENDICES
CASE STUDY

A case study is a research method that involves

an in-depth, detailed analysis of a particular
case, often a real-life example.
 may have an epidemic, phenomenon, a group of
persons, or any event that changes over time as
its subject
 documents all observations and conclusions
about the subject
TYPES OF CASE STUDY
1. Descriptive case studies:
• Focus on describing a particular situation or phenomenon in detail.
• This type of case study is useful for providing a detailed account of a
specific situation or event.
• For example, a descriptive case study might examine a specific
company's management practices.
2. Exploratory case studies:
• Investigate a particular issue or problem to determine whether further
research is necessary.
• This type of case study is useful for identifying areas for future research
and generating hypotheses.
• For example, an exploratory case study might look at the impact of social
media on mental health.
TYPES OF CASE STUDY
3. Explanatory case studies:
• Seek to explain why a particular event or phenomenon occurred.
• This type of case study is useful for understanding the underlying causes
of a particular situation or event.
• For example, an explanatory case study might examine why a particular
company's sales declined over a certain period of time.
4. Instrumental case studies:
• Focus on providing insight into a particular issue or problem.
• This type of case study is useful for providing practical recommendations
and solutions.
• For example, an instrumental case study might examine the effectiveness
of a particular educational intervention in improving student outcomes.
TYPES OF CASE STUDY
5. Collective case studies:
• Involve the study of multiple cases in order to identify patterns or
themes.
• This type of case study is useful for identifying commonalities and
differences across multiple cases.
• For example, a collective case study might examine the impact of
climate change on different regions around the world.
ADVANTAGE
1. They allow for an in-depth
analysis of a particular case,
which can provide rich insights
and understanding.
2. They can be used to explore
complex or sensitive issues that
might not be suitable for other
research methods.
3. They can be particularly useful
for generating hypotheses that
can be tested in future research.
4. They can provide a detailed
picture of a particular situation,
which can be useful for
practitioners and decision-
makers.
DISADVANTAGE
1. They can be time-consuming
and resource-intensive.
2. They may suffer from
researcher bias or
subjectivity.
3. It can be difficult to
generalize findings from a
single case to a broader
population.
4. They may lack statistical
power, making it difficult to
draw strong conclusions.
ELEMENTS OF A CASE STUDY
1. Introduction: The introduction should provide background information on the case, including the context
and key players involved. It should also identify the key problem or issue that the case study is addressing.
2. Problem statement: This section should clearly articulate the problem or issue that the case study is
addressing. It should be a concise statement that summarizes the main challenge or issue facing the
organization, individual or group in question.
3. Methodology: The methodology section outlines the research methods used to gather data for the case
study. This could include interviews, surveys, observations, and other techniques used to collect relevant
information.
4. Results: The results section presents the findings of the research conducted. This may include both
quantitative and qualitative data, and should be presented in a way that supports the problem statement.
5. Analysis: In the analysis section, the researcher should interpret the results and provide insights into the
implications of the data for the problem statement. This could involve identifying patterns, explaining the
significance of the findings, and drawing conclusions.
6. Recommendations: The recommendations section provides suggestions for actions that could be taken to
address the problem or issue identified in the case study. These recommendations should be based on the
analysis of the data and should be actionable and feasible.
7. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the case study and highlights the
implications of the research for the broader context. It should also offer suggestions for future research or
areas for further investigation.
LABORATORY REPORT

● a formal documentation of an experiment,

which includes the objectives, methods, and
results
● a staple in the applied and natural sciences
● conducted to prove or disprove hypotheses
● follows a chronological pattern
PARTS OF A LABORATORY REPORT
Tips for Writing an Effective
Laboratory Report

1. Be concise and clear

2. Use proper formatting
3. Include relevant data
4. Proofread and edit
5. Be honest
FIELD REPORT
FIELD REPORT

● commonly done in the social sciences

● aims to analyze behavior patterns
manifested by the subject based on
specific theories
● descriptive in nature as it provides a
detailed account of what the researcher
has observed among the subjects
Types of Field Reports

Research Reports: Used to document data and

observations for research projects.
Environmental Impact Reports: Used to assess and
document the impact of a project on the environment.
Site Visit Reports: Used to document observations and
data during a visit to a specific location or site.
WRITING A FIELD REPORT
Slide 1: Writing a Field Report
Slide 2: Purpose of a Field Report.
Slide 3: Preparing for Fieldwork
Slide 4: Data Collection
Slide 5: Recording Data
Slide 6: Organizing Data
Slide 7: Analysis and Interpretation
Slide 8: Writing the Field Report
Slide 9: Editing and Reviewing
Slide 10: Conclusion