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2 Geneovrh
2 Geneovrh
2 Geneovrh
SO FAR
• Evolution at a single locus
• No interactions between genes
• One gene - one trait
REAL evolution:
• 10,000 - 100,000 genes producing mRNA
• linkage, a physical interaction
• mechanistic interactions in gene action
GENE INTERACTIONS
Pleiotropy
• single gene affects multiple traits
Epistasis
• multiple genes interact to affect a trait
• multiple traits interact to produce fitness
• therefore, natural selection for gene combinations
PLEIOTROPY AND EPISTASIS
frequency-dependent selection
for rare female-limited mimic
Alleles A a
allele pA 1-pA
freq.
B pB pApB (1-pA)pB
b 1-pB pA(1-pB) (1-pA)(1-pB) Sum = 1
gametic disequilibrium, D
… also known as … linkage disequilibrium.
STANDARDIZATION
Frequency of gamete AB, pAB = pApB + D
RAB DAB
pA pB(1 pA)(1 pB)
Can also use RAB2, which measures fraction of variance
explained by relation between the two genes.
MORE THAN TWO LOCI
male is
non-mimetic
3) Human
mitochondrial DNA
recombination?
Awadalla et al.
Science 286: 2524-5
SUMMARY
Gene interactions: pleiotropy, epistasis